London thah tshì-giām

Siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ khuì-tshiuⁿ bô͘-sik: sing siūⁿ hō͘, chiū lâi pō͘-tēng. Tāi-kho 5 hun-tsing, bē-hūi-lūi, m̄-bián tāng-lio̍k.

Helibrain ê tiōng-tsèng ê lângTùi Robert(Ióng-bûn) kàu-kòe, seng-bu̍t li̍k-ha̍k PhD tshù-pī-seng hu-pò͘Siōng-kīn chi̍t pái kàu-kòe

Tsit ê kēng ē lâi tshì-tsa̍t siáⁿ-mi̍h

London thah sī sim-lí-ha̍k gián-kiù lāi ê kú-tsá kè-hoat mê-giû. Lí ē tī saⁿ ki ko kē bô-kāng ê thah-kha keng î-tōng ū sek ê pō͘, kā kiat-kó͘ bô͘-sik khuì-tshiuⁿ, ēng siōng-sió ê pō͘-sò͘. Tsit ê kēng hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ-chhut tī hêng-tōng í-chêng , lí ē-tàng siūⁿ-khó͘ kuí pō͘ ê kiat-kó͘ [1].

Neuropsychologist Tim Shallice tī 1982 nî siat-kè tsit ê jīm-bū lâi gián-kiù kè-hoat [1]. Múi ê tê-bo̍k ū siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘; jīm-bū ē kì-lo̍k lí ū-bô tī hit ê pō͘-sò͘ lāi kàu ta̍t kiat-kó͘, to kiâⁿ kúi pō͘ , kap tī thâu chi̍t-pái î-tōng í-chêng siūⁿ-khó͘ gōa kú . khoàⁿ-khí-lâi ū chi̍t-tiám chhin-chhiūⁿ Hanoi thah, m̄-koh kui-chek kap tê-bo̍k bô-kāng .

koat-tēng tê-bo̍k khùn-lân ê m̄-sī kan-ta pō͘-sò͘ sò͘ . ū-kóa tê-bo̍k ê kiat-kó͘ bô hān-tiāⁿ pō͘-sò͘ ê sūn-sī , he̍k-chiá ài seng î khai chi̍t lia̍p pō͘, chiū-sǹg pō͘-sò͘ sò͘ kāng-khoán , lâng mā ē khah kú châi kè-ōe hó [2][3][4].

Kè-hoat kēng án-tsuánn chìn-hêng

  • saⁿ ki thah-kha hun-pia̍t thang hòng 3, 2 kap 1 lia̍p pō͘. chi̍t-pái î chi̍t lia̍p : chí thang î téng koân ê pō͘, m̄-thang pàng-ji̍p í-keng boán ê thah-kha.
  • Múi ê tê-bo̍k ē hián-sī kiat-kó͘ kap siōng-sió ê khó-lêng pō͘-sò͘. ēng hit-ê pō͘-sò͘ khuì-tshiuⁿ kiat-kó͘, chiū-sǹg oân-bí kái-tap .
  • 16 ê tê-bo̍k , pō͘-sò͘ sò͘ iû 2 kàu 6, jú-lâi-jú khùn-lân . Múi tê-bo̍k kàu 60 bió , he̍k-chiá kiâⁿ-kàu 20 pō͘ tō kiat-sok .
  • tiám chi̍t lia̍p pō͘, koh tiám beh hòng ê thah-kha, iā thong-iōng thoa . ēng kiān poâⁿ ê sî , àn 1, 2, 3 thê-khí kap pàng-lo̍h pō͘.
  • khai-sí seng ū chi̍t tê kán-tan liān-si̍p ( lí thang thiàu kò ). múi-pái iû-hì ē thè pō͘ oāⁿ-sin sek , só͘-í koh chhì chi̍t-pái khoàⁿ-khí-lâi bô-kāng , m̄-koh lân-tō͘ kāng-khoán .

goán ka-kī siat-kè chi̍t cho͘ tê-bo̍k . tiān-náu ēng thêng-sek chhiau piàn pō͘ ê 36 chéng ūi-tì , khak jīn múi chi̍t tê ê siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ chún khak bô-gō͘ ; pō͘-sò͘ sò͘ 3 í-siāng ê tê-bo̍k , láng chí-ū chi̍t-ê siōng té ê kái hoat . Kiat-kó͘ ū hūn-ha̍p gián-kiù chiá ē kái-piàn ê saⁿ chéng hêng-chōng : só͘-iú pō͘ láng tī chi̍t ki thah-kha, nn̄g lia̍p kah chi̍t lia̍p , í-ki̍p múi ki thah-kha chi̍t lia̍p [2].

Án-tsuánn khoàⁿ lí ê hun-sò͘

  • ēng siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ kái-koat: chú-iàu hun-sò͘ , chiū-sī oân-bí kái-koat ê tê-bo̍k sò͘ .
  • Guā-kha pō͘-sò͘: tī lí kái-koat ê tê ba̍k-lāi , chhiau-kòe siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ ê î-tōng sò͘ .
  • tē-it-pái î-tōng í-chêng siūⁿ-khó͘: tī chhiú chhek-tio̍h pō͘ í-chêng , lí khoàⁿ gōa kú . gián-kiù chiá chheng chò khí-thâu kè-ōe sî-kan .
  • kái tê hong-sek: khah khùn-lân ê tê-bo̍k , tī tē-it-pái î-tōng í-chêng só͘ hoe ê sî-kan chiàm chóng sî-kan ê pí lē . pí lē jú koân , tāi-piáu lí tī thâu-khak-lāi seng kè-ōe khah-chē kái hoat .

chi̍t hāng gián-kiù hóng-būn 179 ūi tōa-lâng , hoat-hiān iû-hì sî-kan lāi , tē-it-pái î-tōng í-chêng hoe khah ko pí lē sî-kan kè-ōe ê lâng , thong-siông ē-ēng siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ kái-koat khah-chē tê-bo̍k [5]. chi̍t hāng gián-kiù lāi , kiò lâng seng kè-ōe ū pang-chān [6]; m̄-koh lēng-gōa chi̍t hāng gián-kiù bô , hit hāng gián-kiù lāi ê lâng kè-ōe khah kú , kái tê pēng-bô khah-hó [7]. só͘-í 「 kái tê hong-sek 」 chhiáⁿ tòng-chò chit-pái iû-hì ê biâu-su̍t , m̄-thang khoàⁿ chò tiāⁿ chek .

tán ū chiok kàu chè lâng oán kò liáu-āu , lí ê kiat-kó mā ē hián-sī lí tī chit-khoán iû-hì ê oán ka tiong-kan tāi-khài tī tó chi̍t-ê hoān-ûi : khah-bô it-poaⁿ 、 it-poaⁿ 、 khah it-poaⁿ hó . che sī hoān-ûi , m̄-sī khak-chhiat pâi-miâ , in-ūi chi̍t-pái ê kiat-kó kan-ta ē lio̍h lio̍h hoán-èng lí án-choáⁿ kè-ōe ( ē-bīn ū soat-bêng ). kî-thaⁿ oán ka sī chit-ê bāng-chām ê hóng-kheh , m̄-sī tāi-piáu sèng iūⁿ-pún .

gōa-chē hun sǹg chèng-siông ?

chit-ê pán-pún bô piau-chún hun-sò͘ . chi̍t hāng ēng 24 tê khah khùn-lân tê-bo̍k (4 kàu 6 pō͘) ê gián-kiù pán-pún lāi , siàu-liân tōa-lâng pêng-kin ēng siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ kái-koat iok 17 tê /24 tê ; 61 kàu 77 hòe ê tōa-lâng iok 13 tê [8]. goán ê tê-bo̍k 、 sî-kan hān-chè kap êng-bō͘ láng bô-kāng , só͘-í che kóa sò͘-jī sī pōe-kéng chu-liāu , m̄-sī phêng niû piau-chún .

Tsit ê kēng ē-tàng kap bē-tàng hō͘ lí chai-iáⁿ ê tāi-chì

gián-kiù chiá ēng London thah chò kè-hoat gián-kiù kap lîm chhn̂g phêng-kó͘ , m̄-koh che ia̍h sī iû-hì , m̄-sī lîm chhn̂g kiám-cha . i bô chhek-liông tì-le̍k ; chi̍t-pái iû-hì mā kan-ta sī tang-sî ê chêng-hêng : phî-lô kap lí sú-iōng ê chong-tì láng ē kái-piàn piáu-hiān .

chi̍t hāng gián-kiù ū 79 ūi siàu-liân tōa-lâng keh nn̄g lé-pài , ēng tiān-náu oán nn̄g pái London thah. nn̄g kong ê î-tōng hun-sò͘ chí-ū bî-jio̍k it-tì ( siong-koan hē-sò͘ 0.15), m̄-koh tē-jī pái kái tê khah-kín [9]. só͘-í chi̍t-pái kiat-kó chhiáⁿ tòng-chò tāi-khài chham-khó , tī bô-kāng ji̍t chhì kúi-pái , m̄-thang kan-ta khoàⁿ chi̍t-ê sò͘-jī .

siông kiàn būn-tê

London thah tshì-giām chhek-liông siáⁿ-mi̍h ?

i chhek-liông kè-hoat: tī thâu-khak-lāi seng pâi hó chi̍t liân-chhoàn î-tōng , châi khì chò . chú-iàu hun-sò͘ sī lí ēng siōng-sió pō͘-sò͘ kái-koat kúi ê tê-bo̍k . gián-kiù chiá mā ē khoàⁿ-lâng tī tē-it-pái î-tōng í-chêng siūⁿ-khó͘ gōa kú , í-ki̍p to kiâⁿ kúi pō͘ [1][5].

London thah kám chhin-chhiūⁿ Hanoi thah?

M̄ sī . nn̄g chéng lóng-sī tī saⁿ ki thah-kha keng î-tōng mi̍h-kiāⁿ , m̄-koh Hanoi thah sī î-tōng tōa sió bô-kāng ê îⁿ poâⁿ tha̍h , jî-chhiáⁿ tōa îⁿ poâⁿ éng-oán bē-tàng hòng tī khah-sè ê îⁿ poâⁿ téng-bīn . London thah ê pō͘ tōa sió kāng-khoán , thah-kha ē-tàng hòng ê pō͘ sò͘ bô-kāng , jî-chhiáⁿ múi chi̍t tê láng ū ka-kī ê kiat-kó͘ bô͘-sik.

sī seng kè-ōe khah-hó , ia̍h-sī chhì-khoàⁿ-māi ?

khoàⁿ chi̍t kûn lâng ê piáu-hiān , tē-it-pái î-tōng í-chêng ēng khah ko pí lē sî-kan kè-ōe ê lâng , thong-siông ē chió kiâⁿ kúi pō͘ [5]. m̄-koh kiò lâng kè-ōe khah kú , m̄ it-tēng ū pang-chān [7]. nn̄g chéng hong-hoat láng chhì-khoàⁿ-māi , khoàⁿ siáⁿ-mi̍h khah ha̍p lí .

Helibrain ê London thah tshì-giām kám bián-hùi ?

sī . iû-hì kap oân-chéng kiat-kó láng bián-hùi : m̄-bián chù-chheh 、 m̄-bián tiān-chú-phoe 、 m̄-bián hù-khoán . Helibrain khò app choán-chîⁿ , oán chit-ê iû-hì bô-su-iàu ēng app.

Siong-kuan ê tshì-giām

Khòaⁿ tsuân-pō͘ 43 hông-bîⁿ ê tāu-lāi tshì-giām

Nā beh ta̍k-ji̍t tsò tsit-ê? Helibrain app (hiān-tsāi iáu-koh sī Ióng-bûn) ū bô su-iàu tsînn ê kè-uē kap siu-tsînn ê kè-uē.

Ín-iōng chit ê bāng-ia̍h: London thah tshì-giām. Helibrain. 2026. https://helibrain.com/nan/tower-of-london-test. CC BY 4.0.

How this test works

This puzzle measures planning: thinking a few moves ahead before you act. Three pegs hold 3, 2 and 1 balls. Move one ball at a time to copy the goal picture in as few moves as possible. There are 16 problems that need 2 to 6 moves, and each one shows its fewest moves. Your main score is how many problems you solve in exactly the fewest moves. The neuropsychologist Tim Shallice designed this puzzle in 1982.

Version 1 · Cite this test:

Helibrain (2026). Tower of London test, v1. https://helibrain.com/tower-of-london-test/methods

Full method →

chham-khó chu-liāu

  1. Shallice T (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298(1089):199–209. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
  2. Kaller CP, Rahm B, Köstering L, Unterrainer JM (2011). Reviewing the impact of problem structure on planning: a software tool for analyzing tower tasks. Behavioural Brain Research 216(1):1–8. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.029
  3. Kaller CP, Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Halsband U (2004). The impact of problem structure on planning: insights from the Tower of London task. Cognitive Brain Research 20(3):462–472. doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.002
  4. Berg WK, Byrd DL, McNamara JP, Case K (2010). Deconstructing the tower: parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the Tower of London task. Brain and Cognition 72(3):472–482. doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.002
  5. Schumacher LV, Rahm B, Kaller CP, Schyle V, Weiller C, Unterrainer JM (2026). A novel index to measure pre-planning in the Tower of London task: test–retest reliability and known-group validity. British Journal of Psychology 117(3):1007–1025. doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70044
  6. Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Leonhart R, Ruff CC, Halsband U (2003). The Tower of London: the impact of instructions, cueing, and learning on planning abilities. Cognitive Brain Research 17(3):675–683. doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00191-5
  7. Phillips LH, Wynn VE, McPherson S, Gilhooly KJ (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 54(2):579–597. doi.org/10.1080/713755977
  8. Jablonska K, Stanczyk M, Piotrowska M, Szymaszek A, Lukomska B, Bednarek H, Szelag E (2022). Age as a moderator of the relationship between planning and temporal information processing. Scientific Reports 12:1548. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05316-6
  9. Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK (2015). Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 3:e1460. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1460

Tsit-ê ia̍h-mn̂g án-tsuánn tsò--ê: Helibrain ê tiōng-tsèng ê lâng kàu-kòe siōng-bīn liáu-lia̍t ê gián-kiù lâi siá, koh tùi 11/4/2026 hō͘Robert(Ióng-bûn) (seng-bu̍t li̍k-ha̍k PhD tshù-pī-seng) kàu-kòe. Tsu-liāu ū kái-kòe ê sî, guán ē kā tsit-ê ia̍h-mn̂g kái-kòe.