ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ: ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯄꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ 5 ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯃꯈꯥ, ꯑꯐꯕ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟ-ꯑꯞ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫
Helibrain ꯇꯤꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯕꯥRobert(English)ꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯕꯥꯏꯑꯣꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ PhD ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯊꯥꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕꯥ
ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ
ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯅꯣꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯄꯖꯜ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯨꯒꯤ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯊꯤꯕꯤꯅ, ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯈꯔ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯪ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ [1]꯫
ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯁꯥꯏꯀꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁꯠ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯁꯥꯂꯤꯁꯅ 1982 ꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ [1]꯫ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛꯅ ꯅꯪ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ, ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯪ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯤꯄꯤꯡꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯍꯥꯅꯣꯏ ꯒꯦꯝꯒ ꯈꯔ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯩ꯫
ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯅꯦꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯇꯦ꯫ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯅ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯁꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯩ꯫ [2][3][4]꯫
ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ
- ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ 3, 2 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 1 ꯕꯣꯜ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ: ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯈꯛ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫
- ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ꯫
- 16 ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ, 2 ꯗꯒꯤ 6 ꯆꯠꯄꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ 60 ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ 20 ꯆꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫
- ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯞꯄꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯄꯤꯌꯨ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯥꯒꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯀꯤꯕꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗ ꯀꯤ 1, 2 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 3 ꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫
- ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯈꯔ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ (ꯅꯪꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ)꯫ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯆꯨꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯟꯅ, ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯎꯅꯩ꯫
ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯅ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ 36 ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯤꯕꯗꯨꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 3 ꯆꯠꯄ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯏ: ꯕꯣꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯃ [2]꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯕ
- ꯆꯠꯄ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ: ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ꯫
- ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯄ: ꯅꯪꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ꯫
- ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ: ꯕꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯞꯄꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯅꯪ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ꯫ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫
- ꯅꯪꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ: ꯆꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ꯫ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯅ, ꯅꯪꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯡ 179 ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯗ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ [5]꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯗ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ [6], ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯐꯥꯗꯦ [7]꯫ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ “ꯅꯪꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ” ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯐꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯒꯅꯤ: ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯥꯟꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ꯫ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯔꯦꯡꯀꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ; ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯈꯛ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ (ꯈꯥꯉꯗꯣꯛꯇ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ)꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫
ꯃꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯣ?
ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫ 24 ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯂꯩꯕ (4 ꯗꯒꯤ 6 ꯆꯠꯄ) ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯨꯄꯥ-ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯟꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ 24 ꯗꯒꯤ 17 ꯈꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ 61 ꯗꯒꯤ 77 ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ 13 ꯈꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯤ [8]꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯩ; ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯟ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯪꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ
ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜꯅꯤ: ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯪꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁꯅ ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫
ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯤꯅꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ 79 ꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯟꯗꯟ ꯑꯅꯤꯔꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯅꯤꯅꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ; ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯔ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ (ꯀꯣꯔꯦꯂꯦꯁꯟ 0.15), ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ [9]꯫ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯥꯡ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯈꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ꯫
ꯑꯈꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤꯡ
ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯥꯄꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ?
ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯅꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯝꯅꯦꯅꯣ?
ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯇꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯍꯥꯅꯣꯏꯗ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯗꯤꯁꯀ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔꯗ ꯕꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯅꯤ, ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯕꯣꯜ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯐꯩꯅ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯆꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯐꯩꯅ꯭ꯔꯒ?
Helibrain ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ ꯑꯐꯕꯅꯣ?
ꯍꯣꯏ꯫ ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯐꯂ ꯑꯐꯕꯅꯤ: ꯁꯥꯏꯟ-ꯑꯞ, ꯏꯃꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ꯫ Helibrain ꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯤ ꯐꯪꯏ, ꯒꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ꯫
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ
- ꯂꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ꯫
- ꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯑꯃꯣꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯪ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ꯫
- ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥꯑꯃꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯪꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯪ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝꯗꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ 43 ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ
ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? Helibrain ꯑꯦꯞ (ꯃꯇꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯗꯥ English ꯈꯛꯇꯥ)ꯇꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯌꯨ: ꯂꯟꯗꯟꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯋꯔ ꯄꯔꯤꯛꯁꯥ. Helibrain. 2026. https://helibrain.com/mni/tower-of-london-test. CC BY 4.0.
How this test works
This puzzle measures planning: thinking a few moves ahead before you act. Three pegs hold 3, 2 and 1 balls. Move one ball at a time to copy the goal picture in as few moves as possible. There are 16 problems that need 2 to 6 moves, and each one shows its fewest moves. Your main score is how many problems you solve in exactly the fewest moves. The neuropsychologist Tim Shallice designed this puzzle in 1982.
Version 1 · Cite this test:
Helibrain (2026). Tower of London test, v1. https://helibrain.com/tower-of-london-test/methods
ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ
- Shallice T (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298(1089):199–209. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
- Kaller CP, Rahm B, Köstering L, Unterrainer JM (2011). Reviewing the impact of problem structure on planning: a software tool for analyzing tower tasks. Behavioural Brain Research 216(1):1–8. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.029
- Kaller CP, Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Halsband U (2004). The impact of problem structure on planning: insights from the Tower of London task. Cognitive Brain Research 20(3):462–472. doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.002
- Berg WK, Byrd DL, McNamara JP, Case K (2010). Deconstructing the tower: parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the Tower of London task. Brain and Cognition 72(3):472–482. doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.002
- Schumacher LV, Rahm B, Kaller CP, Schyle V, Weiller C, Unterrainer JM (2026). A novel index to measure pre-planning in the Tower of London task: test–retest reliability and known-group validity. British Journal of Psychology 117(3):1007–1025. doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70044
- Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Leonhart R, Ruff CC, Halsband U (2003). The Tower of London: the impact of instructions, cueing, and learning on planning abilities. Cognitive Brain Research 17(3):675–683. doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00191-5
- Phillips LH, Wynn VE, McPherson S, Gilhooly KJ (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 54(2):579–597. doi.org/10.1080/713755977
- Jablonska K, Stanczyk M, Piotrowska M, Szymaszek A, Lukomska B, Bednarek H, Szelag E (2022). Age as a moderator of the relationship between planning and temporal information processing. Scientific Reports 12:1548. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05316-6
- Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK (2015). Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 3:e1460. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1460
ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ: ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯅꯥ Helibrain ꯇꯤꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Robert(English)ꯅꯥ (নভেম্বর 4, 2026ꯗꯥ) ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫