Teko ea Tora ea London

Etsisa sebopeho sa sepheo ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa: rera esale pele, ebe u tsamaisa libolo. E nka metsotso e ka bang 5, ke mahala, ’me ha ho hlokahale ho ingolisa.

Ke sehlopha sa HelibrainE hlahlobiloe ke Robert(Senyesemane), moithuti oa PhD ea ithutang fisiks ea lintho tse phelangE phatlalalitsoe ka E hlahlobiloe la ho qetela ka

Seo papali ena e se lekanyang

Tora ea London ke selotho sa khale sa ho rera se tsoang liphuputsong tsa thuto ea kelello. U tsamaisa libolo tse mebala pakeng tsa lipik’ tse tharo tse fapaneng ka bophahamo hore u etsise sebopeho sa sepheo ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa. E bontša kamoo u nahanang mehato e ’maloa esale pele pele u nka khato [1].

Setsebi sa methapo ea kelello Tim Shallice o qapile mosebetsi ona ka 1982 ho ithuta ho rera [1]. Bothata bo bong le bo bong bo na le palo e fokolang ka ho fetisisa ea metsamao, ’me mosebetsi ona o tlaleha hore na u fihlela sepheo ka palo eo, hore na u hloka metsamao e meng e mekae, le hore na u nka nako e kae ho nahana pele u etsa motsamao oa pele. O batla o tšoana le Tora ea Hanoi, empa melao le mathata li fapane.

Palo ea metsamao hase eona feela e etsang hore bothata bo be thata. Mathata ao sepheo sa ’ona se lumellang tatellano ea metsamao hore e fetohe, kapa ao ho ’ona u lokelang ho tlosa bolo tseleng pele, a nka batho nako e telele ho a rera, leha palo ea metsamao e tšoana [2][3][4].

Kamoo papali e sebetsang kateng

  • Lipik’ tse tharo li tšoara libolo tse 3, 2 le 1. Tsamaisa bolo e le ’ngoe ka nako: ke bolo e kaholimo feela e ka tsamaisoang, ’me u se ke ua e beha pik’eng e seng e tletse.
  • Bothata bo bong le bo bong bo bontša sepheo le palo e fokolang ka ho fetisisa ea metsamao e hlokahalang. Etsisa sepheo ka palo eo ea metsamao hore u fumane tharollo e phethahetseng.
  • Mathata a 16, ho tloha ho metsamao e 2 ho isa ho e 6, ’me a ntse a thatafala. Le leng le le leng le fela ka mor’a metsotsoana e 60 kapa metsamao e 20.
  • Tobetsa bolo, ebe u tobetsa pik’ eo u batlang ho e beha ho eona, kapa u e hule. Ha u sebelisa keyboard, linotlolo tsa 1, 2 le 3 lia u thusa ho nka bolo le ho e beha fatše.
  • Ho qala ho na le bothata bo bokhutšoanyane ba boikoetliso (u ka bo tlola). Papali ka ’ngoe e penta libolo ka mebala e mecha, kahoo ha u leka hape e shebahala e le ncha empa e ntse e le thata ka tsela e tšoanang.

Re iketselitse sete ea rōna ea mathata. Patlisiso ea khomphutha e ileng ea hlahloba maemo ’ohle a 36 a libolo e netefalitse hore palo e fokolang ka ho fetisisa ea metsamao bothateng bo bong le bo bong e nepahetse, ’me ho tloha metsamaong e 3 ho ea holimo bothata bo bong le bo bong bo na le tharollo e le ’ngoe feela e sebelisang metsamao e fokolang. Lipheo li kopanya libopeho tse tharo tseo bafuputsi ba li fetolang: libolo tsohle pik’eng e le ’ngoe, tse peli le e le ’ngoe, le bolo e le ’ngoe pik’eng ka ’ngoe [2].

Kamoo u ka balang lintlha tsa hao

  • E rarollotsoe ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa: lintlha tsa hao tsa sehlooho, e leng palo ea mathata ao u a rarollotseng ka ho phethahetseng.
  • Metsamao e eketsehileng: metsamao e fetang palo e fokolang, mathateng ao u a rarollotseng.
  • Ho nahana pele ho motsamao oa pele: nako eo u ileng ua sheba ka eona pele u ama bolo. Bafuputsi ba bitsa sena nako ea pele ea ho rera.
  • Tsela eo u rarollotseng ka eona: karolo ea nako ea hao eo u e qetileng u nahana pele ho motsamao oa pele mathateng a malelele. Karolo e kholo e bolela hore u rerile karolo e eketsehileng ea tharollo kelellong pele.

Phuputsong e ’ngoe ea batho ba baholo ba 179, ba qetileng karolo e kholo ea nako ea bona ba rera pele ho motsamao oa pele ba ne ba atisa ho rarolla mathata a mangata ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa [5]. Phuputso e ’ngoe e fumane hore ho bolella batho hore ba rale pele ho thusitse [6], empa phuputso e ’ngoe ha ea ka ea fumana joalo: batho ba ile ba rera nako e telele ho feta empa ba se ke ba ntlafatsa metsamao [7]. Kahoo nka “tsela eo u rarollotseng ka eona” e le tlhaloso ea papali ena feela, eseng molao.

Ha batho ba lekaneng ba se ba bapalitse, sephetho sa hao se boetse se bontša hore na u eme hokae ha u bapisoa le libapali tse ling tsa papali ena, ka sehlopha: ka tlaase ho se tloaelehileng, se tloaelehileng kapa ka holimo ho se tloaelehileng. Ke sehlopha, eseng boemo bo nepahetseng, hobane papali e le ’ngoe ea mosebetsi ona e bontša feela ka kakaretso kamoo u rerang kateng (sheba ka tlaase). Libapali tse ling ke baeti ba sebaka sena sa marang-rang, eseng sampole e emelang batho bohle.

Lintlha tse tloaelehileng ke life?

Ha ho na lintlha tsa tekanyo tse behiloeng bakeng sa mofuta ona. Phetolelong ea lipatlisiso e nang le mathata a 24 a thata ho feta (metsamao e 4 ho isa ho e 6), batho ba baholo ba bacha ba ile ba rarolla ka karolelano mathata a ka bang 17 ho a 24 ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa, ’me batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 61 ho isa ho 77 ba rarolla a ka bang 13 [8]. Mathata a rōna, meeli ea nako le li-skrini li fapane, kahoo lipalo tsena ke tsa ho fana ka moelelo feela, eseng tekanyo ea ho ipapisa.

Seo papali ena e ka u bolellang sona le seo e ke keng ea u bolella sona

Tora ea London e sebelisoa liphuputsong tsa ho rera le tlhahlobong ea kliniki, empa leqephe lena ke papali, hase teko ea kliniki. Ha e lekanye bohlale, ’me papali e le ’ngoe ke setšoantšo sa motsotso oo feela: mokhathala le sesebelisoa seo u se sebelisang li fetola tsela eo u sebetsang ka eona.

Phuputsong ea batho ba baholo ba bacha ba 79 ba bapalitseng papali ea khomphutha ea Tora ea London habeli, ka karohano ea libeke tse peli, lintlha tsa bona tsa metsamao matsatsing ao a mabeli li ne li lumellana hanyenyane feela (kamano ea 0.15), athe ba ile ba potlaka ho rarolla [9]. Kahoo nka sephetho se le seng e le tataiso e akaretsang, ’me u shebe liteko tse ’maloa matsatsing a fapaneng ho e-na le ho itšetleha ka palo e le ’ngoe.

Lipotso tse botsoang hangata

Teko ea Tora ea London e lekanya eng?

E lekanya ho rera: ho nahana ka tatellano ea metsamao kelellong pele u e etsa. Lintlha tsa sehlooho ke palo ea mathata ao u a rarollang ka metsamao e fokolang ka ho fetisisa. Bafuputsi ba boetse ba sheba nako eo batho ba e qetang ba nahana pele ho motsamao oa pele le palo ea metsamao e eketsehileng eo ba e etsang [1][5].

Na Tora ea London e tšoana le Tora ea Hanoi?

Che. Ka bobeli li tsamaisa likotoana pakeng tsa lipik’ tse tharo, empa papaling ea Tora ea Hanoi u tsamaisa qubu ea li-disk tse fapaneng ka boholo, ’me ha ua lokela ho beha disk e kholo holim’a e nyenyane. Tora ea London libolo li lekana ka boholo, lipik’ li tšoara lipalo tse fapaneng tsa libolo, ’me bothata bo bong le bo bong bo na le sebopeho sa bona sa sepheo.

Na ho molemo ho rera pele kapa ho leka ho tsamaisa libolo?

Ha ho shejoa batho ka kakaretso, ba qetang karolo e kholo ea nako ba rera pele ho motsamao oa pele ba atisa ho etsa metsamao e fokolang e eketsehileng [5]. Empa ho bolelloa hore u rale nako e telele hase kamehla ho thusang [7]. Leka mekhoa ka bobeli ’me u bone hore na ke ofe o u sebeletsang.

Na teko ea Helibrain ea Tora ea London ke mahala?

E. Papali le sephetho sa hao se felletseng ke mahala: ha ho ngoliso, ha ho imeile, ha ho tefo. Helibrain e fumana chelete ka app ea eona, eo u sa e hlokeng bakeng sa papali ena.

Liteko tse amanang

Sheba liteko tsohle tse 43 tsa boko tsa mahala

U batla ho ikoetlisa ka sena letsatsi le letsatsi? App ea Helibrain (hona joale e fumaneha ka Senyesemane) e na le moralo oa mahala le meralo e lefelloang.

Mehloli

  1. Shallice T (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298(1089):199–209. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
  2. Kaller CP, Rahm B, Köstering L, Unterrainer JM (2011). Reviewing the impact of problem structure on planning: a software tool for analyzing tower tasks. Behavioural Brain Research 216(1):1–8. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.029
  3. Kaller CP, Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Halsband U (2004). The impact of problem structure on planning: insights from the Tower of London task. Cognitive Brain Research 20(3):462–472. doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.002
  4. Berg WK, Byrd DL, McNamara JP, Case K (2010). Deconstructing the tower: parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the Tower of London task. Brain and Cognition 72(3):472–482. doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.002
  5. Schumacher LV, Rahm B, Kaller CP, Schyle V, Weiller C, Unterrainer JM (2026). A novel index to measure pre-planning in the Tower of London task: test–retest reliability and known-group validity. British Journal of Psychology 117(3):1007–1025. doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70044
  6. Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Leonhart R, Ruff CC, Halsband U (2003). The Tower of London: the impact of instructions, cueing, and learning on planning abilities. Cognitive Brain Research 17(3):675–683. doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00191-5
  7. Phillips LH, Wynn VE, McPherson S, Gilhooly KJ (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 54(2):579–597. doi.org/10.1080/713755977
  8. Jablonska K, Stanczyk M, Piotrowska M, Szymaszek A, Lukomska B, Bednarek H, Szelag E (2022). Age as a moderator of the relationship between planning and temporal information processing. Scientific Reports 12:1548. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05316-6
  9. Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK (2015). Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 3:e1460. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1460

Kamoo re entseng leqephe lena kateng: le ngotsoe ke sehlopha sa Helibrain ho latela liphuputso tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo, ’me la hlahlojoa ke Robert(Senyesemane) (moithuti oa PhD ea ithutang fisiks ea lintho tse phelang) ka 2026 Pudungwana 4. Rea le nchafatsa ha mehloli e fetoha.