Ikizamini cy’Umunara wa London

Kora ishusho igamijwe ukoresheje intambwe nke: banza uteganye, hanyuma wimure imipira. Bifata nk’iminota 5, ni ubuntu kandi nta kwiyandikisha bisaba.

Byanditswe n'itsinda rya HelibrainByasuzumwe na Robert(Icyongereza), umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye na fiziki y'ibinyabuzimaByasohotse ku wa Byasuzumwe bwa nyuma ku wa

Ibyo uyu mukino upima

Umunara wa London ni umukino uzwi wo guteganya, wakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bwa psychologiya. Wimura imipira y’amabara hagati y’inkingi eshatu zifite uburebure butandukanye kugira ngo ukore ishusho igamijwe ukoresheje intambwe nke. Ugaragaza uko ushobora gutekereza intambwe nke mbere yo kugira icyo ukora [1].

Umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze y’ubwonko Tim Shallice yateguye iki kizamini mu 1982 kugira ngo yige ibyerekeye guteganya [1]. Buri kibazo gifite umubare muto w’intambwe gishobora gukemurwamo. Ikizamini kireba niba ugeze ku ntego ukoresheje uwo mubare, intambwe zirenze izari zikenewe wakoze n’igihe wamaze utekereza mbere yo kwimura umupira bwa mbere. Gisa gato n’Umunara wa Hanoi, ariko amategeko n’ibibazo biratandukanye.

Umubare w’intambwe si wo wenyine utuma ikibazo kigorana. Ibibazo aho intego itagena neza uko intambwe zigomba gukurikirana, cyangwa aho ubanza kwimura umupira kugira ngo uvaneho inzitizi, bitwara abantu igihe kirekire kugira ngo babiteganye, n’iyo umubare w’intambwe uba ungana [2][3][4].

Uko umukino ukinwa

  • Inkingi eshatu zifata imipira 3, 2 na 1. Wimura umupira umwe icyarimwe: uwuri hejuru ni wo ushobora kwimurwa, kandi ntiwawushyira ku nkingi yuzuye.
  • Buri kibazo kigaragaza intego n’umubare muto w’intambwe gishobora gukemurwamo. Kugira ngo ukemure neza, kora ishusho igamijwe muri izo ntambwe.
  • Ibibazo 16, bisaba intambwe kuva kuri 2 kugeza kuri 6, bigenda birushaho kugorana. Buri kibazo kirangira nyuma y’amasegonda 60 cyangwa umaze gukora intambwe 20.
  • Kanda umupira, hanyuma ukande inkingi ushaka kuwushyiraho, cyangwa uwukurure. Kuri klavye, kanda 1, 2 cyangwa 3 kugira ngo ufate umupira cyangwa uwushyire hasi.
  • Habaho ikibazo kigufi cyo kwimenyereza mbere (ushobora kukirengaho). Buri mukino usiga imipira ifite andi mabara, bityo iyo ugerageje ubwa kabiri uba ubona ibishya ariko umukino ukomeza kugorana kimwe.

Twihangiye uruhererekane rw’ibibazo. Porogaramu yagenzuye uburyo bwose 36 imipira ishobora kuba iteyeho, yemeza ko umubare muto w’intambwe kuri buri kibazo ari wo nyawo, kandi ko kuva ku bibazo bisaba intambwe 3 kuzamura, buri kibazo gifite uburyo bumwe gusa bwo kugikemura mu ntambwe nke kurusha izindi. Intego zivanze mu moko atatu y’imiterere abashakashatsi bahinduranya: imipira yose ku nkingi imwe, ibiri n’umwe, n’umupira umwe kuri buri nkingi [2].

Uko wasobanukirwa n’amanota yawe

  • Byakemuwe mu ntambwe nke: amanota yawe y’ingenzi, ni ukuvuga umubare w’ibibazo wakemuye neza.
  • Intambwe zirenze izari zikenewe: intambwe wakoze zirenga umubare muto, ku bibazo wakemuye.
  • Igihe cyo gutekereza mbere yo kwimura bwa mbere: igihe warebye ikibazo mbere yo gukora ku mupira. Abashakashatsi babyita igihe cyo guteganya mbere yo gutangira.
  • Uko wakemuye: igice cy’igihe cyawe wamaze uteganya mbere yo kwimura umupira bwa mbere ku bibazo bigoye kurusha ibindi. Iyo icyo gice ari kinini, bivuga ko wabanje gutegura igice kinini cy’igikemisho mu bwenge.

Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bantu bakuru 179, abamaze igice kinini cy’igihe cyabo bateganya mbere yo kwimura umupira bwa mbere bakunze gukemura ibibazo byinshi bakoresheje intambwe nke [5]. Mu bushakashatsi bumwe, kubwira abantu kubanza guteganya byarabafashije [6], ariko mu bundi ntibyabafashije, nubwo abantu bateganyije igihe kirekire ariko ntibakemure neza kurushaho [7]. Bityo, fata “uko wakemuye” nk’igisobanuro cy’uyu mukino wakinnye gusa, si itegeko.

Abantu nibamara gukina ari benshi, ibisubizo byawe bizakwereka n’uko uhagaze ugereranyije n’abandi bakinnyi b’uyu mukino, mu cyiciro kimwe muri ibi: munsi y’ibisanzwe, ibisanzwe cyangwa hejuru y’ibisanzwe. Ni icyiciro, si umwanya nyawo, kuko umukino umwe gusa ugaragaza mu buryo bugereranyije uko uteganya (reba hasi). Abandi bakinnyi ni abantu basura uru rubuga, si itsinda rihagarariye abantu bose.

Amanota asanzwe aba angahe?

Nta manota fatizo y’iyi verisiyo ahari. Muri verisiyo y’ubushakashatsi yari ifite ibibazo 24 bigoye kurushaho (bisaba intambwe 4 kugeza kuri 6), abakiri bato bakemuye neza impuzandengo y’ibibazo 17 kuri 24 bakoresheje intambwe nke, naho abantu bakuru bafite imyaka 61 kugeza kuri 77 bakemura hafi 13 [8]. Ibibazo byacu, igihe ntarengwa n’amashusho biratandukanye, bityo iyi mibare ni iyo kugufasha kumva uko byari bimeze, si igipimo cyo kugereranyaho.

Ibyo uyu mukino ushobora kukubwira n’ibyo udashobora kukubwira

Umunara wa London ukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ku guteganya no mu isuzuma ry’ubuvuzi, ariko uru rupapuro ni umukino, si ikizamini cy’ubuvuzi. Ntiwapima ubwenge, kandi umukino umwe ugaragaza uko umeze ako kanya gusa: umunaniro n’igikoresho ukoresha bigira ingaruka ku mikinire yawe.

Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku rubyiruko 79 rwakinnye umukino wa Umunara wa London kuri mudasobwa kabiri, hagati y’ibihe harimo ibyumweru bibiri, amanota y’intambwe ku minsi yombi yari afitanye isano rito gusa (isano ya 0.15), mu gihe abantu barushagaho gukemura vuba [9]. Bityo, fata igisubizo kimwe nk’ikimenyetso rusange, kandi urebe ibisubizo by’igerageza ryinshi ryakozwe ku minsi itandukanye aho kwishingikiriza ku mubare umwe.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Ikizamini cy’Umunara wa London gipima iki?

Gapima ubushobozi bwo guteganya: gutekereza mu bwenge uko intambwe zizakurikirana mbere yo kuzifata. Amanota y’ingenzi ni umubare w’ibibazo ukemura ukoresheje intambwe nke. Abashakashatsi banareba igihe abantu bamara batekereza mbere yo kwimura umupira bwa mbere n’umubare w’intambwe zirenze izari zikenewe bakora [1][5].

Umunara wa London ni kimwe n’Umunara wa Hanoi?

Oya. Muri yombi, ibice byimurwa hagati y’inkingi eshatu, ariko mu Munara wa Hanoi wimura ibirundo by’udupande tuzengurutse dufite ubunini butandukanye, kandi ntushobora na rimwe gushyira agapande kanini ku gapande gato. Mu Munara wa London imipira ingana, inkingi zifata imipira itandukanye, kandi buri kibazo kigira ishusho yacyo igamijwe.

Ni byiza kubanza guteganya cyangwa kugerageza kwimura imipira?

Iyo ugereranyije abantu, abamara igice kinini cy’igihe cyabo bateganya mbere yo kwimura umupira bwa mbere bakunda gukora intambwe nke zirenze izari zikenewe [5]. Ariko kubwirwa guteganya igihe kirekire ntibihora bifasha [7]. Gerageza uburyo bwombi urebe ubukubera bwiza.

Ikizamini cya Helibrain cy’Umunara wa London ni ubuntu?

Yego. Umukino n’ibisubizo byawe byose ni ubuntu: nta kwiyandikisha, nta imeri, nta kwishyura. Helibrain yinjiza amafaranga muri porogaramu yayo, udakeneye kugira ngo ukine uyu mukino.

Ibindi bizamini bifitanye isano

Reba ibizamini byose 43 by'ubwonko by'ubuntu

Wifuza kubyitoza buri munsi? Porogaramu ya Helibrain (ubu iraboneka mu Cyongereza gusa) ifite gahunda y'ubuntu n'izindi zishyurwa.

Aho amakuru yavuye

  1. Shallice T (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298(1089):199–209. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
  2. Kaller CP, Rahm B, Köstering L, Unterrainer JM (2011). Reviewing the impact of problem structure on planning: a software tool for analyzing tower tasks. Behavioural Brain Research 216(1):1–8. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.029
  3. Kaller CP, Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Halsband U (2004). The impact of problem structure on planning: insights from the Tower of London task. Cognitive Brain Research 20(3):462–472. doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.002
  4. Berg WK, Byrd DL, McNamara JP, Case K (2010). Deconstructing the tower: parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the Tower of London task. Brain and Cognition 72(3):472–482. doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.002
  5. Schumacher LV, Rahm B, Kaller CP, Schyle V, Weiller C, Unterrainer JM (2026). A novel index to measure pre-planning in the Tower of London task: test–retest reliability and known-group validity. British Journal of Psychology 117(3):1007–1025. doi.org/10.1111/bjop.70044
  6. Unterrainer JM, Rahm B, Leonhart R, Ruff CC, Halsband U (2003). The Tower of London: the impact of instructions, cueing, and learning on planning abilities. Cognitive Brain Research 17(3):675–683. doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00191-5
  7. Phillips LH, Wynn VE, McPherson S, Gilhooly KJ (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 54(2):579–597. doi.org/10.1080/713755977
  8. Jablonska K, Stanczyk M, Piotrowska M, Szymaszek A, Lukomska B, Bednarek H, Szelag E (2022). Age as a moderator of the relationship between planning and temporal information processing. Scientific Reports 12:1548. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05316-6
  9. Piper BJ, Mueller ST, Geerken AR, Dixon KL, Kroliczak G, Olsen RHJ, Miller JK (2015). Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults. PeerJ 3:e1460. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1460

Uko twateguye uru rupapuro: rwanditswe n'itsinda rya Helibrain rishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwavuzwe haruguru, rusuzumwa na Robert(Icyongereza) (umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye na fiziki y'ibinyabuzima) ku wa 2026 Ugushyingo 4. Turuvugurura iyo amasoko y'amakuru ahindutse.