Uvavanyo lokwahlula izandi zomculo

Uyakwazi ukuva ukuba yeyiphi ithoni ephezulu? Fumanisa owona mahluko mncinane wethoni owuvayo, phinda isingqi ngokucofa, uze uzame ukuqamba amanqaku. Malunga nemizuzu eyi-4, simahla: akukho kubhalisa.

Ibhalwe liqela leHelibrainIhlolwe nguRobert(IsiNgesi), umfundi ofundela isidanga sePhD kwi-biophysicsIpapashwe ngomhla we-Ihlolwe okokugqibela ngomhla we-

Ukuqonda iziphumo zakho

  • Owona mahluko mncinane wethoni owuvileyo: ulinganiswa ngeesenti. Isiqingatha sethoni, umgama ophakathi kwezitshixo zepiyano ezibini ezikufutshane, siziisenti eziyi-100. Lo ngumahluko okwazileyo ukuwuqaphela malunga namaxesha ayi-7 kwali-10. Okuncinane kuthetha ukuba uyakwazi ukuqaphela umahluko omncinane ngakumbi.
  • Izingqi eziphindwe ngokuchanekileyo: zingaphi kwizingqi eziyi-5 okwazileyo ukuziphinda ngokusondeleyo. Isantya asibalwa: ukucofa kwakho kulungelelaniswa nobude besingqi ngaphambi kokuthelekisa.
  • Impazamo yexesha lesingqi: ngokomndilili, umgama wexesha phakathi kokucofa kwakho wahlukile kangakanani kumgama wexesha phakathi kwezingqi, ngepesenti.
  • Amanqaku aqanjwe ngamagama (inxalenye oyikhethayo): mangaphi amanqaku awodwa owabize ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba uphoswe ngenowuthi enye yesiqingatha sethoni, ufumana inxenye yamanqaku kwipesenti, ngendlela abaphandi abalinganisa ngayo [1].

Ukuva okuqhelekileyo kubuchule obungakanani?

Isiqingatha sethoni siziisenti eziyi-100. Uphononongo lwaselebhu lubonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo abangaziqhelisiyo ngomculo bayakwazi ukuva umahluko wethoni omalunga neesenti eziyi-12 ukuya kweziyi-35, kanti iimvumi eziqeqeshiweyo ziyakwazi ukuva umahluko omncinane njengeesenti eziyi-2 ukuya kweziyi-17 [2][3][4]. Ukuziqhelisa kuyanceda kakhulu: abantu abangaziqhelisiyo ngomculo bafikelela kwinqanaba leemvumi emva kweeyure eziyi-4 ukuya kweziyi-8 zoqeqesho [2]. Ukungeva kakuhle umahluko weetoni (i-amusia yokuzalwa) kunqabile, kukumalunga ne-1.5% yabantu abadala [5].

Iinkcukacha ezikhawulezayo

  • Ukungeva kakuhle iithoni kunqabile: malunga ne-1.5% yabantu abadala banesifo se-amusia esizalwa naso, esibangela ubunzima bokuqonda iithoni zomculo ubomi bonke, ngokophando lwe-intanethi oluhlalutye malunga nabantu abadala abayi-16,600 [5]. Abantu abaninzi ngakumbi bathi "abakwazi ukucula".
  • Ukuziqhelanisa kuphucula ukuva umahluko wethoni: abaculi bomculo weklasikhi baqale benomda wokuva umahluko omncinci wethoni ongaphezu kwamaxesha ayi-6 kunowabantu abangengomculi. Abangengomculi banciphise umsantsa emva kweeyure eziyi-4 ukuya kweziyi-8 zokuziqhelanisa [2].
  • Ukuva ithoni egqibeleleyo kuxhomekeke ekuqeqeshweni kwasekuqaleni naselwimini: kubafundi bomculo abaqale izifundo beneminyaka eyi-4 ukuya kweyi-5, malunga ne-60% eBeijing ne-14% kwisikolo somculo e-US babenokuva ithoni egqibeleleyo [6].
  • "1 kwabayi-10,000" linani elingathembekanga: umlinganiselo wokuva ithoni egqibeleleyo odla ngokucatshulwa uvela kuqikelelo lwango-1955 olwalusekelwe kwiimvumi umphandi omnye awadibana nazo, hayi kwisampulu ekhethwe ngokungakhethi [7].
  • Wonke umntu ucofa isingqi kwangethuba: xa ucofa ulandela isingqi, abantu abaninzi bacofa amashumi ambalwa ee-millisecond ngaphambi kwaso [8].

Indlela olusebenza ngayo uvavanyo lokwahlula iithoni

  1. Ukujonga isandi. Uva amanqaku amane anyukayo ukuze ukhethe isandi esingakukhathaziyo. Isandi esikhulu asithethi ukuba iziphumo ziya kuba ngcono.
  2. Iphezulu okanye iphantsi? Kudlala iithoni ezimbini, enye emva kwenye. Eyesibini ibiphezulu okanye iphantsi? Ithoni yokuqala iyatshintsha rhoqo, phakathi kwe-330 ne-660 Hz, ukuze ungafundi inowuthi esisigxina. Umahluko uqala kwi-100 yeesenti. Emva kweempendulo ezimbini ezichanekileyo zilandelelana uyancipha; emva kwempendulo engachanekanga uyanda. Lo mgaqo we-"2-phantsi, 1-phezulu" umisela inqanaba apho uphendula ngokuchanekileyo malunga ne-71% yamaxesha [9]. Uvavanyo luyaphela emva kweendawo zokujika eziyi-10, kwaye iziphumo zakho ngumndilili wezokugqibela eziyi-6.
  3. Isingqi. Kudlala isingqi esifutshane sokucofa amaxesha ayi-2; emva koko siphinde ngokucofa. Kukho izingqi eziyi-5.
  4. Uvavanyo lwethoni egqibeleleyo (uyazikhethela). Amanqaku awodwa ayi-12, ngaphandle kwenowuthi yesalathiso nengxelo yokuba impendulo ichanekile na. Qamba inowuthi nganye usebenzisa ikhibhodi.

Zonke izandi zenziwa kwibhrawuza yakho; akukho zirekhodiweyo.

Uvavanyo lwethoni egqibeleleyo

Ithoni egqibeleleyo (okanye ithoni epheleleyo) kukukwazi ukubiza inowuthi ngaphandle kokuva inowuthi yesalathiso kuqala. Kolunye uphando olukhulu lwe-intanethi, abantu ababenobu buchule bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye; iziphumo zahlukana zangamaqela amabini, kukho abantu abambalwa phakathi kwawo [1]. Ukuxhaphaka kwayo kuxhomekeke kubantu obabuza kubo: malunga ne-30% yabafundi bomculo baseJapan ne-7% yabafundi bomculo basePoland baphumelela kuvavanyo olungqongqo [7], kwaye izifundo zomculo zakuqala nolwimi oluneethoni zenza kube lula ngakumbi ukuba nayo [6]. Uninzi lwabantu, kuquka iimvumi ezininzi ezichubekileyo, lunezakhono zokuthelekisa iithoni endaweni yoko: luva izithuba phakathi kwamanowuthi, kungekhona amanowuthi ngokwawo.

Yintoni echaphazela iziphumo zakho?

  • Uqeqesho lomculo. Iminyaka yokudlala isixhobo somculo okanye yokucula yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuva umahluko phakathi kweetoni [2][3].
  • Ukuziqhelisa olu vavanyo. Imida yokuqaphela umahluko iyehla kwiimvavanyo zokuqala, naphakathi kweseshoni enye [2]. Thelekisa ilinge lakho elilandelayo neli.
  • Ii-headphone negumbi. Ii-headphone negumbi elizolileyo ziyanceda. Izithethi ezincinane zefowuni zinokwenza kube nzima ukuva iithoni eziphantsi.
  • Ukunikela ingqalelo nokudinwa. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwilinge elinye kwenza umahluko wande kwakhona.
  • Imikhwa yesingqi. Xa bephinda isingqi ngokucofa, abantu badla ngokusisondeza kwizingqi ezilula, ezifana namanowuthi amade aphindwe kabini ngobude kunamafutshane [10]. Wonke umntu uyaphazama ngamanye amaxesha; oko kuqhelekile.

Oko olu vavanyo olunokukuxelela nolungenakukuxelela

Uvavanyo luka-Helibrain lokwahlula iithoni ngumdlalo omnandi wendlebe osekelwe kwimisebenzi esetyenziswa kuphando. Alulovavanyo lokuva, aluxilongi i-amusia, kwaye aluyonxalenye yovavanyo lophando olusetyenziselwa ukuyixilonga (njengeMontreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Isandi esikwibhrawuza nezithethi azizozixhobo zaselabhu, ngoko ke iziphumo zakho zezoqikelelo nje.

Ukuba uxhalabele ukuva kwakho, umzekelo ukuba intetho ivakala ingacacanga, bonana nogqirha okanye ingcali yokungeva.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa

Ndazi njani ukuba andikwazi ukwahlula iithoni?

Ukuba uyakwazi ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi kwezi thoni zimbini iphezulu xa zahlukene ngesiqingatha sethoni (iisentimitha eziyi-100), kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uyakwazi ukwahlula iithoni: abantu abaninzi bayakwazi ukuva umahluko omncinane kakhulu [2][4]. Ukungakwazi ukwahlula iithoni ngokwenene, okubizwa ngokuba yi-amusia yokuzalwa, kuchaphazela malunga ne-1.5% yabantu abadala [5] kwaye kufunyaniswa ngovavanyo olude lophando. Uvavanyo luka-Helibrain lokwahlula iithoni lukunika umbono wokuqala, aluloxilongo.

Yeyiphi ipesenti yabantu engakwaziyo ukwahlula iithoni?

Malunga ne-1.5% yabantu abadala bane-amusia yokuzalwa, ngokophando lwe-intanethi oluhlalutye abantu abadala abamalunga ne-16,600 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nama-65 [5]. Olunye uphando oludala lwango-1980 lwathi yi-4%, kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olwahlukileyo nenkcazelo engqongqo kancinci [12]. Abantu abaninzi ngakumbi bacinga ukuba abakwazi ukwahlula iithoni kuba bengakwazi ukucula kakuhle; ukucula nokuva iithoni zizakhono ezahlukileyo.

Inqabile kangakanani ithoni egqibeleleyo?

Ukuva ithoni egqibeleleyo kunqabile kubantu ngokubanzi, kodwa akukho mntu ulinganise ngokuchanekileyo ukuba kunqabe kangakanani. Inani elidumileyo elithi "1 kwabayi-10,000" luqikelelo oludala olungenabungqina buqinileyo [7]. Kubafundi bomculo, umlinganiselo ususela kwiipesenti ezimbalwa ukuya malunga ne-30%, kuxhomekeke ekubeni baqale izifundo besebancinci kangakanani nakulwimi [6][7].

Ngaba umntu omdala angafunda ukuba nethoni egqibeleleyo?

Abantu abadala banokufunda ukuqaphela amanye amanowuthi ngokuziqhelisa kakhulu, kodwa ithoni egqibeleleyo yokwenene inxulumene kakhulu nezifundo zomculo zobuntwana [6]. Uninzi lweemvumi lusebenzisa ukukwazi ukuthelekisa iithoni, oko kukuthi ukuva izithuba phakathi kwamanowuthi, kwaye obu buchule bunokuphucuka ngokuziqhelisa nakweyiphi na iminyaka [2].

Ngawaphi amanqaku alungileyo kuvavanyo lwethoni?

Uphononongo lwaselebhu lubonisa ukuba abantu abangaziqhelisiyo ngomculo badla ngokuva umahluko omalunga neesenti eziyi-12 ukuya kweziyi-35, kanti iimvumi eziqeqeshiweyo ziva umahluko omalunga neesenti eziyi-2 ukuya kweziyi-17 [2][3][4]. Isiphumo esingaphantsi kweesenti eziyi-10 sibonisa ukuva okubukhali kakhulu. Umahluko ongaphezu kweesenti eziyi-100 (isiqingatha sethoni) awuqhelekanga; kungakuhle ukuba uzame kwakhona kwigumbi elizolileyo usebenzisa ii-headphone.

Ngaba uvavanyo luka-Helibrain lokwahlula iithoni lusimahla ngokwenene?

Ewe. Uvavanyo neziphumo zakho ezipheleleyo zisimahla: akukho kubhalisa, akukho imeyile, akukho ntlawulo. UHelibrain ufumana imali nge-app yakhe, enesicwangciso sasimahla nezinye ezihlawulelwayo; awudingi app ukuze wenze uvavanyo.

Iimvavanyo ezinxulumene noku

Bona zonke iimvavanyo zengqondo zasimahla eziyi-43

Ufuna ukusebenza koku yonke imihla? I-app yeHelibrain (okwangoku ifumaneka ngesiNgesi) inesicwangciso sasimahla kunye nezicwangciso ezihlawulelwayo.

Imibuzo eqhelekileyo

Imithombo

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (cent values as summarized in Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Indlela esenze ngayo eli phepha: libhalwe liqela leHelibrain ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ezidweliswe ngasentla, laza lahlolwa nguRobert(IsiNgesi) (umfundi ofundela isidanga sePhD kwi-biophysics) ngomhla we-Novemba 4, 2026. Siyalihlaziya xa imithombo itshintsha.