Mayeso Osazindikira Kamvekedwe

Kodi mungamve kamvekedwe kamene kali pamwamba? Pezani kusiyana kochepa kwa toni komwe mungamve, bwerezani kayimbidwe podina, kenako yesani kutchula manotsi. Pafupifupi mphindi 4, kwaulere: popanda kulembetsa.

Wolemba: gulu la HelibrainYawunikidwa ndi Robert(Chingelezi), wophunzira wa digiri ya udokotala pa sayansi ya biophysicsLofalitsidwa Linawunikidwanso komaliza pa

Mmene mungawerengere zotsatira zanu

  • Kusiyana kochepa kwa toni komwe munamva: mu masenti. Toni yapakati, yomwe ili pakati pa makiyi awiri oyandikana pa piyano, ndi masenti 100. Uku ndi kusiyana komwe munatha kuzindikira pafupifupi nthawi 7 pa 10. Nambala yochepa imasonyeza kumva bwino kwambiri.
  • Kayimbidwe kofanana: kuchuluka kwa kayimbidwe pa 5 komwe munabwereza podina moyandikana ndi koyambirira. Liwiro silikuwerengedwa: kudina kwanu kumasinthidwa kuti kufanane ndi utali wa kayimbidwe musanawayerekezere.
  • Kulakwitsa pa nthawi ya kayimbidwe: pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa kusiyana, pa zana, pakati pa mpata uliwonse wa kudina kwanu ndi mpata wa kayimbidwe.
  • Manotsi amene munatchula (gawo losasankhidwa): kuchuluka kwa manotsi amodzi amene munawatchula molondola. Mukalakwitsa ndi toni yapakati imodzi, mumalandira mfundo zina pa chiwerengero cha pa zana, monga mmene ofufuza amawerengera [1].

Kodi kumva kwa munthu wamba kumakhala kotani?

Toni yapakati ndi masenti 100. M’maphunziro a mu labotale, anthu wamba osaphunzira nyimbo amazindikira kusiyana kwa toni pafupifupi masenti 12 mpaka 35, pamene oimba ophunzitsidwa amazindikira masenti 2 mpaka 17 [2][3][4]. Kuyeserera kumathandiza kwambiri: anthu osaphunzira nyimbo anakwanitsa kufika pa mlingo wa oimba ataphunzitsidwa maola 4 mpaka 8 [2]. Kusamva kamvekedwe kobadwa nako (amusiya yobadwa nayo) n’kosowa; kumapezeka pafupifupi mwa 1.5% ya akuluakulu [5].

Mfundo zofulumira

  • Kusamva kamvekedwe n’kosowa: pafupifupi 1.5% ya akuluakulu ali ndi amusiya yobadwa nayo, vuto la moyo wonse lozindikira toni za nyimbo, malinga ndi kafukufuku wapaintaneti amene anasanthula akuluakulu pafupifupi 16,600 [5]. Anthu ambiri kuposa amenewa amanena kuti “sangathe kuimba bwino”.
  • Kuphunzira kumalimbitsa kumva toni: poyamba, oimba nyimbo zachikale ankazindikira kusiyana kwa toni koposa ka 6 bwino kuposa anthu osaphunzira nyimbo. Anthu osaphunzira nyimbo anatseka kusiyanako atayeserera maola 4 mpaka 8 [2].
  • Toni yangwiro imadalira kuphunzira koyambirira ndi chinenero: mwa ophunzira nyimbo amene anayamba maphunziro ali ndi zaka 4 mpaka 5, pafupifupi 60% ku Beijing ndi 14% ku sukulu yapamwamba ya nyimbo ku US anali ndi toni yangwiro [6].
  • “Munthu 1 pa 10,000” si chiwerengero chodalirika: chiwerengero chotchulidwa kawirikawiri cha anthu okhala ndi toni yangwiro chinachokera ku kuyerekezera kwa mu 1955, kozikidwa pa oimba amene wofufuza mmodzi anakumana nawo mwangozi, osati pa anthu osankhidwa mwachisawawa [7].
  • Anthu ambiri amadina pasadakhale: akamadina motsatira kayimbidwe, anthu ambiri amadina patsogolo pake ndi nthawi ya makumi angapo a milliseconds [8].

Mmene mayeso osazindikira kamvekedwe amagwirira ntchito

  1. Kuyesa mawu. Mumva manotsi anayi akukwera, kuti musankhe voliyumu yabwino kwa inu. Kukweza mawu kwambiri sikuthandiza.
  2. Pamwamba kapena pansi? Toni ziwiri zimamveka motsatizana. Kodi yachiwiri inali pamwamba kapena pansi? Toni yoyamba imasintha nthawi iliyonse, pakati pa 330 ndi 660 Hz, choncho simungaphunzire toni yokhazikika. Kusiyanako kumayamba pa masenti 100. Mukayankha molondola kawiri motsatizana, kusiyanako kumachepa; mukalakwitsa, kumakula. Lamulo la “2-pansi, 1-pamwamba” limapeza mlingo umene mumayankha molondola pafupifupi 71% ya nthawi [9]. Mayesowa amaima pakasinthasintha ka 10, ndipo zotsatira zanu ndi avareji ya 6 omaliza.
  3. Kayimbidwe. Kayimbidwe kakang’ono ka kudina kamamveka maulendo 2; kenako bwerezani podina. Pali kayimbidwe 5.
  4. Mayeso a toni yangwiro (osasankhidwa). Manotsi amodzi 12, opanda noti yoyerekeza ndiponso opanda chidziwitso chokuthandizani. Tchulani lililonse pa kiyibodi.

Phokoso lililonse limapangidwa mu msakatuli wanu; palibe zojambulidwa.

Mayeso a toni yangwiro

Toni yangwiro (yodziwika mwachindunji) ndi luso lotchula noti popanda kumva noti yoyerekeza kaye. Mu kafukufuku wina wamkulu wapaintaneti, anthu amene anali nalo anapeza zigoli zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa ena onse; zigoli zinagawika m’magulu awiri osiyana, ndipo panali anthu ochepa pakati pawo [1]. Kuchuluka kwake kumadalira anthu amene akufunsidwa: pafupifupi 30% ya ophunzira nyimbo ku Japan ndi 7% ku Poland anapambana mayeso okhwima [7], ndipo maphunziro oyambirira ndi chinenero cha matoni zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala nalo [6]. Anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo oimba ambiri aluso, ali ndi kumva kusiyana kwa matoni m’malo mwake: amamva kusiyana pakati pa manotsi, osati manotsi enieniwo.

Zimene zingakhudze zotsatira zanu

  • Kuphunzira nyimbo. Zaka zambiri zoimba chida kapena kuimba zimathandiza kwambiri kumva kusiyana kwa matoni [2][3].
  • Kuyeserera ntchitoyi. M’mayesero oyambirira, malire a kuzindikira amachepa, ngakhale m’gawo limodzi [2]. Yerekezani kuyesa kwanu kotsatira ndi kumeneku.
  • Mahedifoni ndi chipinda. Mahedifoni ndi chipinda chachete zimathandiza. Zokuzira mawu zing’onozing’ono za foni zingapangitse kukhala kovuta kumva matoni otsika.
  • Kumvetsera ndi kutopa. Kusowa chidwi pa kuyesa kumodzi kumapangitsanso kusiyana kwa toni kukula.
  • Chizolowezi cha kayimbidwe. Anthu amakonda kusunthira ku kayimbidwe kosavuta, monga manotsi aatali kukhala aatali kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa aafupi, akamabwereza podina [10]. Kulakwitsa kwina n’kwachibadwa kwa aliyense.

Zimene mayesowa angakuuzeni ndi zimene sangakuuzeni

Mayeso a Helibrain osazindikira kamvekedwe ndi masewera osangalatsa a kumva, ozikidwa pa ntchito za kafukufuku. Si mayeso a kumva, si njira yodziwira amusiya, ndipo si mayeso a kafukufuku amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira matendawa (monga Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Mawu a pa msakatuli ndi zokuzira mawu si zida za labotale, choncho muone manambala anu ngati kuyerekezera chabe.

Ngati mukuda nkhawa ndi kumva kwanu, mwachitsanzo ngati mawu a anthu akumveka osamveka bwino, onani dokotala kapena katswiri wa kumva.

Mafunso amene amafunsidwa kawirikawiri

Ndingadziwe bwanji ngati sindimva kamvekedwe?

Ngati mungazindikire kuti pa matoni awiri osiyana ndi toni yapakati (masenti 100), imodzi ili pamwamba, ndiye kuti n’zotheka kwambiri kuti simusamva kamvekedwe: anthu ambiri amamva kusiyana kocheperapo kwambiri [2][4]. Kusamva kamvekedwe kobadwa nako, kotchedwa amusiya yobadwa nayo, kumakhudza pafupifupi 1.5% ya akuluakulu [5] ndipo kumazindikiridwa ndi mayeso a kafukufuku aatali. Mayeso a Helibrain amakupatsani lingaliro loyamba, osati matenda otsimikizika.

Ndi anthu angati pa zana amene samva kamvekedwe?

Pafupifupi 1.5% ya akuluakulu ali ndi amusiya yobadwa nayo, malinga ndi kafukufuku wapaintaneti amene anasanthula anthu akuluakulu pafupifupi 16,600 a zaka 18 mpaka 65 [5]. Kafukufuku wakale wa mu 1980 anati ndi 4%, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso ena ndi tanthauzo lotambasuka [12]. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti samva kamvekedwe chifukwa satha kuimba bwino; kuimba ndi kumva matoni ndi maluso osiyana.

Kodi toni yangwiro ndi yosowa motani?

Toni yangwiro n’njosoŵa pakati pa anthu onse, koma palibe amene wayesa ndendende kuchuluka kwake. Chiwerengero chodziwika cha “munthu 1 pa 10,000” ndi kuyerekezera kwakale kopanda umboni wolimba [7]. Mwa ophunzira nyimbo, chiwerengerocho chimayambira pa ochepa pa zana mpaka pafupifupi 30%, malinga ndi zaka zimene anayambira maphunziro ndi chinenero chawo [6][7].

Kodi munthu wamkulu angaphunzire kukhala ndi toni yangwiro?

Akuluakulu angaphunzire kuzindikira manotsi ena akamayeserera kwambiri, koma toni yangwiro yeniyeni imagwirizana kwambiri ndi maphunziro a nyimbo a paubwana [6]. Kumva kusiyana kwa matoni, kapena kuzindikira mipata ya pakati pa manotsi, n’kumene oimba ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kumatha kusintha kwambiri mukamayeserera pa msinkhu uliwonse [2].

Kodi zigoli zabwino pa mayeso a toni ndi ziti?

M’maphunziro a mu labotale, anthu osaphunzira nyimbo amazindikira kusiyana kwa masenti pafupifupi 12 mpaka 35, ndipo oimba ophunzitsidwa amazindikira masenti 2 mpaka 17 [2][3][4]. Zotsatira zosakwana masenti 10 zikusonyeza kumva bwino kwambiri. Zopitirira masenti 100 (toni yapakati) n’zosazolowereka; yesaninso m’chipinda chachete muli ndi mahedifoni.

Kodi mayeso a Helibrain osazindikira kamvekedwe ndi aulere ndithu?

Inde. Mayesowa ndi zotsatira zanu zonse ndi zaulere: simufunika kulembetsa, imelo kapena kulipira. Helibrain imapeza ndalama kudzera mu pulogalamu yake, yomwe ili ndi mapulani aulere ndi olipira; simufunika pulogalamuyi kuti muyese.

Mayeso ena okhudzana nawo

Onani mayeso onse a ubongo aulere okwana 43

Mukufuna kuchita zimenezi tsiku ndi tsiku? Pulogalamu ya Helibrain (yomwe ilipo m’Chingelezi pakadali pano) ili ndi dongosolo laulere komanso madongosolo olipira.

Mafunso ofala

Magwero

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (ziwerengero za masenti monga zafotokozedwera mwachidule mu Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Mmene tinakonzekerera tsambali: gulu la Helibrain linalilemba potengera maphunziro amene alembedwa pamwambapa, ndipo Robert(Chingelezi) (wophunzira wa digiri ya udokotala pa sayansi ya biophysics) analiyang’ananso pa November 4, 2026. Timalisintha magwero akasintha.