Ikizamini cyo kumva amajwi

Ushobora kumva ijwi riruta irindi? Menya intera nto y’amajwi ushobora kumva, subiramo injyana ukoresheje gukanda, hanyuma ugerageze kuvuga amazina y’amajwi. Bifata nk’iminota 4, ni ubuntu kandi nta kwiyandikisha.

Byanditswe n'itsinda rya HelibrainByasuzumwe na Robert(Icyongereza), umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye na fiziki y'ibinyabuzimaByasohotse ku wa Byasuzumwe bwa nyuma ku wa

Uko wasobanukirwa n’igisubizo cyawe

  • Intera nto y’amajwi wumvise: ipimwa muri cents. Intera y’ijwi hagati y’urufunguzo rwa piyano n’urulukurikira ni cents 100. Ni intera washoboraga gutandukanya inshuro nka 7 kuri 10. Iyo ari nto, kumva kwawe kurushaho kuba kwiza.
  • Injyana wasubiyemo neza: ni injyana zingahe muri 5 wasubiyemo ukoresheje gukanda ku buryo buzihuye. Umuvuduko ntubarwa: gukanda kwawe kuramburwa bikagera ku burebure bw’injyana mbere yo kubigereranya.
  • Ikosa ry’igihe mu njyana: ku mpuzandengo, intera iri hagati y’ugukanda kwawe itandukana ku rugero rungana iki n’intera y’injyana, mu ijanisha.
  • Amajwi wavuze amazina (igice utagomba gukora): ni amajwi amwe wavuze izina ryayo neza. Iyo ijwi ritandukaniyeho na semitone imwe, ubona amanota amwe mu ijanisha, nk’uko abashakashatsi bayabara [1].

Ubusanzwe ugutwi kumva bite?

Semitone ni cents 100. Mu bushakashatsi bwo muri laboratwari, abantu basanzwe batize umuziki bashobora kumva itandukaniro ry’amajwi rya cents nka 12 kugeza kuri 35, naho abacuranzi babitojwe bakumva itandukaniro rya cents nka 2 kugeza kuri 17 [2][3][4]. Kwimenyereza bifasha cyane: abatarize umuziki bageze ku rwego rw’abacuranzi nyuma y’amasaha 4 kugeza kuri 8 yo kwitoza [2]. Kudashobora kumva amajwi kuva umuntu akivuka (congenital amusia) ntibikunze kubaho; bigera kuri 1.5% by’abantu bakuru [5].

Iby’ingenzi mu magambo make

  • Kudashobora kumva amajwi ntibikunze kubaho: hafi 1.5% by’abantu bakuru bafite amusia bavukanye, ikibazo kimara ubuzima bwose cyo kutamenya neza amajwi y’umuziki, nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwo kuri interineti bwasesenguye amakuru y’abantu bakuru bagera ku 16,600 bwabigaragaje [5]. Abantu benshi kurushaho bavuga ko ‘badashobora kuririmba’.
  • Kwitoza bituma kumva amajwi birushaho kuba bunoze: ku bacuranzi ba muzika gakondo, intera nto bashobora kumva yatangiraga irenze inshuro 6 ubuto bw’iy’abatize umuziki. Abatize umuziki bagabanyije iryo tandukaniro nyuma y’amasaha 4 kugeza kuri 8 yo kwitoza [2].
  • Kumva ijwi neza biterwa no kwitoza ukiri muto n’ururimi: mu banyeshuri bigaga umuziki batangiye amasomo bafite imyaka 4 kugeza kuri 5, hafi 60% i Beijing na 14% mu ishuri rikuru ry’umuziki muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bari bafite ubushobozi bwo kumenya ijwi batabanje kurigereranya n’irindi [6].
  • ‘Umuntu 1 kuri 10,000’ ni igipimo kidafite gihamya ihagije: igipimo gikunze kuvugwa cy’abantu bumva ijwi badakeneye irindi bo kugereranya gishingiye ku kigereranyo cyo mu 1955, cyakozwe hakurikijwe abacuranzi umushakashatsi umwe yari yarahuye na bo, aho kuba itsinda ryatoranyijwe mu buryo bwa gihamya [7].
  • Abantu benshi bakanda injyana mbere y’igihe: iyo bakanda bakurikiza injyana, abantu benshi bakanda mbere yayo ho milisegonda nke kugeza kuri mirongo mike [8].

Uko ikizamini cyo kumva amajwi gikora

  1. Kugenzura amajwi. Wumva amajwi ane agenda arushaho kuba maremare, kugira ngo ushyireho ijwi rikunogeye. Ijwi riranguruye ntirirushaho kuba ryiza.
  2. Riruta irindi cyangwa riri munsi yaryo? Hacurangwa amajwi abiri akurikirana. Irya kabiri ryari riruta irya mbere cyangwa ryari munsi yaryo? Uburebure bw’ijwi rya mbere buhinduka buri gihe, hagati ya 330 na 660 Hz, bityo ntushobora gufata mu mutwe ijwi rimwe ridahinduka. Intera itangira kuri cents 100. Iyo usubije neza inshuro ebyiri zikurikirana, intera iragabanuka; iyo usubije nabi, iriyongera. Iri tegeko rya ‘gabanya nyuma y’ibisubizo 2 byiza, wongere nyuma y’igisubizo 1 kibi’ rigena aho uri ku kigero cyo gusubiza neza nka 71% [9]. Ikizamini gihagarara nyuma y’aho icyerekezo gihindukiye inshuro 10, maze igisubizo cyawe kikaba impuzandengo y’ibipimo 6 bya nyuma.
  3. Injyana. Hacurangwa inshuro 2 injyana ngufi y’utudido; hanyuma ukayisubiramo ukanda. Hariho injyana 5.
  4. Ikizamini cyo kumenya ijwi udakeneye irindi ryo kugereranya (ushobora kugisimbuka). Amajwi 12 acurangwa rimwe rimwe, nta rindi jwi ubanje kumva ryo kugereranya kandi nta gisubizo uhabwa. Vuga izina rya buri jwi uri ku rubaho rw’amajwi.

Amajwi yose akorerwa muri mushakisha yawe; nta majwi yafashwe mbere akoreshwa.

Ikizamini cyo kumenya ijwi udakeneye irindi ryo kugereranya

Kumva ijwi udakeneye irindi ryo kugereranya ni ukumenya izina ry’ijwi utabanje kumva irindi. Mu bushakashatsi bumwe bunini bwakorewe kuri interineti, abantu bari bafite ubwo bushobozi bagize amanota aruta kure ay’abandi bose; amanota yagabanyikamo amatsinda abiri atandukanye, kandi abantu bake cyane bari hagati yayo [1]. Uko gikunze kubaho biterwa n’abo ubajije: hafi 30% by’abanyeshuri b’umuziki bo mu Buyapani na 7% bo muri Polonye batsinze ikizamini gikomeye [7], kandi kwiga umuziki ukiri muto no kuvuga ururimi rufite amajwi y’amagambo ahindura ibisobanuro bituma bishoboka kurushaho [6]. Abantu benshi, harimo n’abacuranzi benshi b’abahanga, bumva itandukaniro riri hagati y’amajwi aho kumenya amajwi ubwayo.

Ni ibiki bigira ingaruka ku gisubizo cyawe?

  • Kwiga umuziki. Imyaka umaze ucuranga igikoresho cyangwa uririmba ituma kumva intera z’amajwi byoroha cyane [2][3].
  • Kwimenyereza iki kizamini ubwacyo. Mu bizamini bya mbere, intera nto ushobora kumva iragabanuka, ndetse no mu isomo rimwe [2]. Gereranya igisubizo uzabona ubutaha n’iki.
  • Utuguruzo two mu matwi n’aho uri. Utuguruzo two mu matwi n’ahantu hatuje birafasha. Utwuma twa telefoni duto dushobora gutuma amajwi make mu burebure yumvikana bigoranye.
  • Kwita ku kintu no kunanirwa. Iyo utitaye ku kintu mu kigeragezo kimwe, intera y’amajwi yongeye iriyongera.
  • Uburyo umenyereye injyana. Iyo abantu basubiramo injyana bakanda, bakunda kuyegereza ku njyana zoroshye, urugero inoti ndende ikangana n’inoti ngufi ebyiri [10]. Buri wese ashobora kugira amakosa amwe asanzwe.

Ibyo iki kizamini gishobora kukubwira n’ibyo kidashobora kukubwira

Ikizamini cya Helibrain cyo kumva amajwi ni umukino ushimishije wo gukoresha ugutwi, ushingiye ku bizamini byo mu bushakashatsi. Si ikizamini cyo gupima ubushobozi bwo kumva, si isuzuma rya amusia, kandi si kimwe n’uruhererekane rw’ibizamini by’ubushakashatsi bikoreshwa mu kuyisuzuma (nka Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Amajwi yo muri mushakisha n’ayo mu byuma bicuranga ntiyapimwe nka ay’ibikoresho bya laboratwari, bityo fata imibare ubona nk’ikigereranyo gusa.

Niba uhangayikishijwe n’uko wumva, urugero niba amagambo yumvikana nk’ahishwe, jya kwa muganga cyangwa kwa muganga w’inzobere mu matwi.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Namenya nte niba ntumva neza amajwi?

Niba ushobora kumenya iruta irindi mu majwi abiri afite intera ya semitone (cents 100), birashoboka cyane ko utari umuntu utumva neza amajwi: abantu benshi bashobora kumva intera nto cyane kurushaho [2][4]. Kudashobora kumva amajwi, ari byo byitwa amusia umuntu avukana, bigera kuri 1.5% by’abantu bakuru [5], kandi bisuzumwa hakoreshejwe ibizamini birebire by’ubushakashatsi. Ikizamini cya Helibrain gituma ugira igitekerezo cya mbere, ariko ntigisuzuma indwara.

Ni ijanisha ringana iki ry’abantu batumva neza amajwi?

Hafi 1.5% by’abantu bakuru bafite amusia bavukanye, nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwo kuri interineti bwasesenguye amakuru y’abantu bakuru bagera ku 16,600 bafite imyaka 18 kugeza kuri 65 bwabigaragaje [5]. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwo mu 1980 bwavuze ko ari 4%, bukoresheje ikizamini gitandukanye n’ubusobanuro butagoranye [12]. Abantu benshi kurushaho batekereza ko batumva neza amajwi kuko bataririmba neza; kuririmba no kumva uburebure bw’amajwi ni ubushobozi butandukanye.

Kumva ijwi udakeneye irindi ryo kugereranya ntibikunze kubaho ku rugero rungana iki?

Kumva ijwi udakeneye irindi ryo kugereranya ntibikunze kubaho mu bantu muri rusange, ariko nta muntu wapimye neza uko ari gake. Umubare uzwi wa ‘umuntu 1 kuri 10,000’ ni ikigereranyo cya kera kidafite amakuru ahagije agishyigikira [7]. Mu banyeshuri biga umuziki, igipimo kiri hagati y’ijanisha rito na 30%, bitewe n’imyaka batangiriyeho kwiga n’ururimi bavuga [6][7].

Umuntu mukuru ashobora kwitoza kumenya ijwi atarigereranyije n’irindi?

Abantu bakuru bashobora kwitoza kumenya amajwi amwe, ariko bisaba kwitoza cyane; ubushobozi bwo kumenya ijwi utabanje kurigereranya n’irindi bufitanye isano ikomeye no kwiga umuziki ukiri muto [6]. Kumva itandukaniro riri hagati y’amajwi ni byo abacuranzi benshi bakoresha, kandi umuntu ashobora kurushaho kubimenya neza abitoza, imyaka yaba afite yose [2].

Ni amanota angahe meza mu kizamini cy’amajwi?

Mu bushakashatsi bwo muri laboratwari, abantu batize umuziki bumva itandukaniro rya cents nka 12 kugeza kuri 35, naho abacuranzi babitojwe bakumva irya cents nka 2 kugeza kuri 17 [2][3][4]. Igisubizo kiri munsi ya cents 10 kigaragaza ko ugutwi kumva neza cyane. Igisubizo kirenze cents 100 (semitone imwe) ntigisanzwe; byaba byiza wongereye kugerageza ahantu hatuje wambaye utuguruzo two mu matwi.

Ese koko ikizamini cya Helibrain cyo kumva amajwi ni ubuntu?

Yego. Ikizamini n’igisubizo cyawe cyuzuye ni ubuntu: nta kwiyandikisha, nta imeri, nta kwishyura. Helibrain yinjiza amafaranga muri porogaramu yayo, ifite gahunda y’ubuntu n’izishyurwa; ntukeneye iyo porogaramu kugira ngo ukore ikizamini.

Ibindi bizamini bifitanye isano

Reba ibizamini byose 43 by'ubwonko by'ubuntu

Wifuza kubyitoza buri munsi? Porogaramu ya Helibrain (ubu iraboneka mu Cyongereza gusa) ifite gahunda y'ubuntu n'izindi zishyurwa.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Aho amakuru yavuye

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, n’abandi. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (agaciro ka cents kavuzwe muri Deroche n’abandi 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Uko twateguye uru rupapuro: rwanditswe n'itsinda rya Helibrain rishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwavuzwe haruguru, rusuzumwa na Robert(Icyongereza) (umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye na fiziki y'ibinyabuzima) ku wa 2026 Ugushyingo 4. Turuvugurura iyo amasoko y'amakuru ahindutse.