Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Umubare | Icyo uvuga | Imbogamizi y’ingenzi |
|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | Amusia ivukanwa ishingiye ku kumva itandukaniro ry’ijwi, hakurikijwe ibisabwa by’ubushakashatsi | Biterwa n’amategeko akoreshwa mu gusuzuma no gushyira abantu mu byiciro |
| Abitabiriye bagera ku 20,000 | Ingano y’icyiciro cya mbere cy’ubushakashatsi bwakorewe kuri interineti | Si bose bitabiriye bagize uruhare muri buri sesengura rya nyuma |
| Ikigereranyo cya kera cya 4% | Ikigereranyo cyo hambere cyari gishingiye ku kizamini kimwe, cyavuzwe n’abanditsi | Si igipimo rusange gikoreshwa ubu mu gusuzuma |
Inyandiko ivuga ubwinshi bw’iyi ndwara ikoresha imirimo myinshi ipima ubushobozi mu buryo bufatika n’ibibazo byabajijwe. Ingingo yayo nyamukuru ni uko gutsindwa ikizamini kimwe cy’umuziki bitagomba guhita bifatwa nka amusia ivukanwa. Umubare w’abitabiriye watanzweho igereranyo kuko uburyo bwo kubashaka, abo batakiriwe n’amatsinda yagize uruhare mu sesengura runaka bitandukanye. Peretz et al., 2017
Amusia ivukanwa isobanura iki muri ubu bushakashatsi?
Ubushakashatsi bwerekeye ingorane zimara ubuzima bwose mu bice bimwe byo kumva no gutunganya umuziki, zitaterwa gusa no kutumva neza cyangwa ikibazo rusange cyo gutekereza. Raporo ya mbere y’uru rubanza n’ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku itsinda risobanura isuzuma rirambuye; ntibufata kwanga umuziki cyangwa kuririmba nabi nk’ibihamya by’iyo ndwara. Peretz et al., 2002 Ayotte et al., 2002
Ikizamini cya Montreal gipima ibice bitandukanye by’ubushobozi mu muziki. Abagiteguye hamwe n’amabwiriza ya nyuma ya Montreal Protocol bashimangira ko ibizamini biri mu buryo bwo gusuzuma no gupima, ko atari isuzuma ryigenga ryo kuri interineti. Umukino usanzwe w’ikoranabuhanga upima kumva itandukaniro ry’ijwi ntuhita uba kimwe n’ayo mabwiriza. Peretz et al., 2003 Vuvan et al., 2017
Impamvu kwiyita ufite icyo kibazo bishobora kuyobya
Abantu bakoresha imvugo yo kutumva amajwi y’umuziki neza bashaka gusobanura ibintu byinshi bitandukanye. Kwigirira icyizere, ubushobozi bwo kuririmba no gutandukanya amajwi ni ibintu bidapimwa kimwe. Igereranyo ry’ubwinshi bushingiye ku gisobanuro cyihariye cy’ubushakashatsi ntirishobora gukoreshwa ku muntu wese uvuga ko atazi kuririmba. Ibisabwa byahurijwe hamwe mu bushakashatsi ni ingenzi kuko iryo zina rikoreshwa mu buryo bwagutse mu mvugo isanzwe. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Ingorane zo kumva ijwi n’iz’umudiho ni kimwe?
Si ngombwa. Phillips-Silver na bagenzi be basobanura umuntu wari ufite ingorane zo gukurikira injyana y’umudiho, bigaragaza ko kutabasha guhuza n’umudiho bitandukanye no kugira ikibazo cyo kumva no gutunganya amajwi y’indirimbo. Isubiramo ry’ubushakashatsi ku guhuza ibikorwa n’umudiho na ryo rifata kumva injyana no guhuza ingendo nk’ubushobozi bugizwe n’ibice byinshi. Kugira intege nke mu gice kimwe cy’ikizamini ntibihamya ko umuntu adashoboye ibindi bice byose by’umuziki. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Ese imyaka n’igitsina byatanga amahirwe bwite yo kuba ufite icyo kibazo?
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko abagore bari benshiho gato hakurikijwe ibisabwa bwakoresheje, ariko ibyo ntibishyiraho itegeko ryo gusuzuma umuntu ku giti cye. Uburyo bwo gushaka no gushyira abantu mu byiciro ni bwo bugena icyo kigereranyo. Gukoresha ijanisha rimwe ku itsinda ry’imyaka itandukanye cyangwa ku bantu bisuzumira kuri interineti bisanzwe byasaba ibindi bimenyetso. Peretz et al., 2017
Ni iki ushobora kumenya koko ukoresheje ikizamini?
Ushobora kubona uko witwaye ku majwi, ku mabwiriza yo gusubiza no ku gikoresho wakoresheje. Gukomeza kugira ingorane bishobora kuba byiza kubisuzuma mu buryo bwagutse, ariko igisubizo cy’ikizamini kigufi ntigishobora gutandukanya impamvu zose z’icyo kibazo cyangwa kwemeza ko ari indwara imara ubuzima bwose. Montreal Protocol ivuga ko n’ibizamini bizwi byo gupima ubushobozi mu muziki ari ibyiciro bigize uburyo bwo gusuzuma. Vuvan et al., 2017
Kwizerwa kw’ikizamini bitandukanye no kuba hari umurimo nyakuri w’ubushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bwagutse ku bipimo by’imitekerereze bwerekana impamvu ingaruka igaragara mu itsinda idahita isobanura ko amanota y’ikizamini kigufi atanga urutonde ruhamye rw’ubushobozi bw’abantu ku giti cyabo. Iryo hame rituma tugomba kwitonda, ariko ntirihakana ingorane umuntu ahura na zo mu muziki. Hedge et al., 2017
Nta bushakashatsi bwavuzwe buhamya ko uyu mukino ukiza amusia ivukanwa cyangwa ko imyitozo y’igihe gito izayikuraho. Umwanzuro ufite akamaro ni uko ubwinshi bw’iki kibazo bugereranywa hakurikijwe ibisobanuro byitondewe, kandi ko dusobanukirwa ibyo ibizamini bitandukanye by’umuziki bipima. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cyo kumenya amajwi y’umuziki
Gerageza ikizamini cyo kumenya amajwi y’umuziki kugira ngo urebe uko utandukanya amajwi n’uko usubiramo injyana. Jya usobanura ibisubizo by’ibice bitandukanye ukwabyo. Iki si ikizamini cyo gusuzuma cya Montreal Protocol, kandi amanota make ntiyemeza ko ufite amusia ivukanwa cyangwa ikibazo cyo kutumva.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Ese kuririmba nabi bivuze ko ntumva neza amajwi y’umuziki?
Ibisobanuro by’ubushakashatsi ntibivuga ko ibyo ari kimwe. Kuririmba no kumva umuziki bisaba ibizamini bitandukanye. Vuvan et al., 2017
Umubare nyawo ni 1.5% cyangwa 4%?
Iyo mibare ishingiye ku buryo n’ibimenyetso bitandukanye. Ubushakashatsi bunini bwerekana 1.5% hakurikijwe ibisabwa byabwo byahurijwe hamwe, kandi bukavuga ku kigereranyo cya kera cya 4%. Peretz et al., 2017
Kugira ingorane mu njyana byemeza ko umuntu atumva neza amajwi?
Oya. Urubanza rw’umuntu utabashaga gukurikira umudiho n’ubushakashatsi ku guhuza ibikorwa n’umudiho bitandukanya ibice bigize ubushobozi mu muziki. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Amasoko
- Peretz et al. (2017). Ubwinshi bwa amusia ivukanwa.
- Vuvan et al. (2017). Amabwiriza ya Montreal yo kumenya amusia.
- Peretz et al. (2002). Amusia ivukanwa.
- Peretz et al. (2003). Amoko atandukanye y’ibibazo by’umuziki.
- Ayotte et al. (2002). Amusia ivukanwa.
- Phillips-Silver et al. (2011). Yavukiye kubyina ariko ntiyumve umudiho: ubwoko bushya bwa amusia ivukanwa.
- Repp et al. (2013). Guhuza ibyiyumvo n’ingendo n’umudiho: isubiramo ry’ubushakashatsi buheruka (2006–2012).
- Hedge et al. (2017). Ikibazo cyo kwizerwa: Impamvu ibizamini by’imitekerereze bigaragaza ingaruka zikomeye bidatanga itandukaniro rihamye hagati y’abantu.