Teko ya go sa utlwe mmino

A o ka utlwa gore ke segalo sefe se se kwa godimo? Bona pharologano e nnye thata ya segalo e o ka e utlwang, itaya moribo go o boeletsa, o bo o leka go bitsa dinoto. E tsaya metsotso e ka nna 4, ke mahala: ga go tlhokege go ikwadisa.

Ka setlhopha sa HelibrainE sekasekilwe ke Robert(Seesemane), moithuti wa PhD mo fisikeng ya ditshediE gatisitswe ka E sekasekilwe la bofelo ka

Go tlhaloganya maduo a gago

  • Pharologano e nnye thata ya segalo e o e utlwileng: e le ka disente. Semitone, e leng kgato fa gare ga dinoto tse pedi tse di bapileng mo piano, ke disente di le 100. Eno ke pharologano e o neng o kgona go e lemoga mo makgetlong a ka nna 7 mo go a 10. Fa palo e le nnye, pharologano e o e lemogang e nnye thata.
  • Meribo e e nyalaneng: palo ya meribo mo go 5 e o e itaileng go tshwana thata le e o e utlwileng. Lebelo ga le balwe: re otlolola nako ya go itaya gore e lekane le boleele jwa moribo pele re bapisa.
  • Phoso ya nako mo moribong: ka palogare, gore sebaka sengwe le sengwe fa gare ga go itaya ga gago se farologana go le kana kang le sebaka se se mo moribong, ka diperesente.
  • Dinoto tse o di biditseng (karolo e o ka e tlolang): palo ya dinoto tse o di biditseng sentle. Fa o le kgato ya semitone e le nngwe fela mo phosong, o bona dintlha dingwe mo diperesenteng, go ya ka mokgwa o babatlisisi ba balang ka one [1].

Tsebe e e tlwaelegileng e kgona go utlwa go le kana kang?

Semitone ke disente di le 100. Dipatlisiso tsa laboratori di bontsha gore batho ba ba sa ithutelang mmino ba kgona go utlwa dipharologano tsa segalo tsa disente tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 35; baopedi ba ba thapisitsweng ba kgona le tse di ka nnang 2 go ya go 17 [2][3][4]. Go ikatisa go thusa thata: batho ba ba sa ithutelang mmino ba ne ba fitlha mo maemong a baopedi morago ga diura di le 4 go ya go 8 tsa thapiso [2]. Go sa kgone go utlwa segalo sa mmino (congenital amusia) ga se gantsi, go ama mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bagolo [5].

Dintlha ka bokhutshwane

  • Go sa utlwe segalo sa mmino ga se gantsi: mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bagolo ba na le congenital amusia, bothata jwa botshelo jotlhe jwa go utlwa segalo sa mmino; seno se bonwe mo patlisisong ya inthanete e e sekasekileng bagolo ba ka nna 16,600 [5]. Batho ba le bantsi go feta moo ba re ba “palelwa ke go opela”.
  • Thapiso e tokafatsa go utlwa segalo: kwa tshimologong, baopedi ba mmino wa classic ba ne ba kgona go lemoga dipharologano tsa segalo tse di fetang makgetlo a le 6 tse dinnye go gaisa tsa batho ba ba sa ithutelang mmino. Ba ba sa ithutelang mmino ba ne ba fokotsa pharologano eno morago ga diura di le 4 go ya go 8 tsa go ikatisa [2].
  • Perfect pitch e ikaegile ka thapiso ya pele le puo: mo baithuting ba mmino ba ba simolotseng dithuto ba le dingwaga di le 4 go ya go 5, mo e ka nnang 60% kwa Beijing le 14% kwa sekolong sa mmino sa kwa US ba ne ba na le perfect pitch [6].
  • “Motho a le 1 mo go ba le 10,000” ga se palo e e tlhomameng: palo e e umakiwang gantsi ya batho ba ba nang le perfect pitch e tswa mo fopholetsong ya 1955 e e theilweng mo dibini tse mmatlisisi mongwe a kopaneng le tsone fela, e seng mo sampoleng e e tlhophilweng ka lotho [7].
  • Batho ba le bantsi ba itaya moribo ba sale pele: fa ba itaya go tsamaisana le moribo, bontsi jwa batho ba itaya ba le kwa pele ka dimilisenkonde di le mmalwa go ya go di le masomesome [8].

Teko ya go sa utlwe segalo e dira jang

  1. Teko ya modumo. O utlwa dinoto di le nne tse di tlhatlogang, gore o kgone go tlhopha modumo o o go siametseng. Modumo o mogolo ga o dire gore o dire botoka.
  2. Kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase? Go tshamekiwa medumo e mebedi, ka go latelana. A wa bobedi o ne o le kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase? Segalo sa ntlha se fetoga nako le nako, fa gare ga 330 le 660 Hz, ka jalo ga o ka ke wa ithuta noto e le nngwe e e sa fetogeng. Kgato e simolola ka disente di le 100. Fa o araba sentle gabedi ka tatelano e nna nnye; fa o sa arabe sentle e nna kgolo. Molao ono wa “fokotsa morago ga dikarabo tse 2 tse di siameng, oketsa morago ga karabo e le 1 e e fosagetseng” o tlhomamisa gore o araba sentle mo e ka nnang 71% ya nako [9]. Teko e ema morago ga dintlha di le 10 tse e fetolang kwa go tsone, mme maduo a gago ke palogare ya dintlha tsa bofelo di le 6.
  3. Moribo. Go tshamekiwa moribo o mokhutshwane wa go tobetsa 2; go tswa foo o a o itaya. Go na le meribo e le 5.
  4. Teko ya perfect pitch (o ka e tlola). Dinoto tse di ikemetseng di le 12, ga go na noto ya tshupiso kgotsa karabo. Bitsa noto nngwe le nngwe mo sekaleng sa dinoto.

Modumo mongwe le mongwe o dirwa mo sebatling sa gago; ga go rekoto epe e e dirisiwang.

Teko ya perfect pitch

Perfect pitch (go utlwa segalo ka tlhamalalo) ke go bitsa noto o sa utlwa noto ya tshupiso pele. Mo patlisisong nngwe e kgolo ya inthanete, batho ba ba neng ba na le bokgoni jono ba ne ba bona maduo a a kwa godimo thata go feta ba bangwe; maduo a ne a wela mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tse di farologaneng, go na le batho ba le mmalwa fela fa gare ga tsone [1]. Gore e tlwaelegile go le kana kang go ikaegile ka gore o botsa bomang: mo e ka nnang 30% ya baithuti ba mmino ba kwa Japan le 7% ya kwa Poland ba ne ba falola teko e e gagametseng [7]; dithuto tsa mmino tse di simolotsweng go sale gale le puo ya medumo di dira gore go nne bonolo go nna le yone [6]. Bontsi jwa batho, go akaretsa le dibini tse dintsi tse di setswerere, ba na le relative pitch: ba utlwa dikgato fa gare ga dinoto, e seng gore noto nngwe le nngwe ke efe.

Ke eng se se amang maduo a gago?

  • Thapiso ya mmino. Go tshameka diletswa kgotsa go opela ka dingwaga go dira gore go nne bonolo thata go utlwa dikgato tsa segalo [2][3].
  • Go ikatisa ka tiro eno ka boyone. Dipharologano tse o sa kgoneng go di lemoga di a fokotsega mo makgetlong a ntlha, le mo thulaganyong e le nngwe fela [2]. Bapisa teko ya gago e e latelang le eno.
  • Ditshebe le phaposi. Ditshebe le phaposi e e didimetseng di a thusa. Dikarolwana tse dinnye tsa dibuela-modumo tsa founo di ka dira gore medumo e e kwa tlase e se ka ya utlwala sentle.
  • Tlhokomelo le letsapa. Fa o sa tlhoma mogopolo mo tekong e le nngwe, pharologano e tla okediwa gape.
  • Mekgwa ya moribo. Fa ba itaya go boeletsa moribo, batho ba na le mokgwa wa go o fetola gore o nne bonolo, jaaka go dira gore dinoto tse ditelele di nne boleele jwa tse dikhutshwane gabedi [10]. Go dira diphoso dingwe go tlwaelegile mo bathong botlhe.

Se teko eno e ka go bolelelang le se e ka se go bolelelang

Teko ya Helibrain ya go sa utlwe segalo ke motshameko wa tsebe o o monate o o theilweng mo ditirong tsa dipatlisiso. Ga se teko ya kutlo, ga se tlhatlhobo ya amusia, e bile ga se diteko tsa dipatlisiso tse di dirisiwang go tlhatlhoba boemo jono (jaaka Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Modumo wa sebatli le dibuela-modumo ga se didirisiwa tsa laboratori, ka jalo tsaya dipalo tsa gago e le tse di fopholeditsweng fela.

Fa o tshwenyegile ka kutlo ya gago, ka sekai fa puo e utlwala e sa phepafala, bona ngaka kgotsa moitseanape wa kutlo.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang gantsi

Nka itse jang fa ke sa utlwe segalo sa mmino?

Fa o kgona go lemoga gore ke ofe wa medumo e mebedi o o kwa godimo fa e farologana ka semitone (disente di le 100), go na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya gore ga o na bothata jwa go sa utlwe segalo: batho ba le bantsi ba utlwa dipharologano tse dinnye thata [2][4]. Go sa utlwe segalo sa mmino, e leng congenital amusia, go ama mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bagolo [5], mme go tlhatlhobiwa ka diteko tse ditelele tsa dipatlisiso. Teko ya Helibrain e go naya kakanyo ya ntlha fela, ga se tlhatlhobo.

Ke diperesente di le kae tsa batho tse di sa utlweng segalo sa mmino?

Go ya ka patlisiso nngwe ya inthanete e e sekasekileng bagolo ba ka nna 16,600 ba dingwaga di le 18 go ya go 65, mo e ka nnang 1.5% ya bagolo ba na le congenital amusia [5]. Patlisiso ya bogologolo ya 1980 e ne ya fopholetsa 4%, e dirisa teko e nngwe le tlhaloso e e sa gagametseng thata [12]. Batho ba le bantsi thata ba dumela gore ga ba utlwe segalo ka gonne ba sa kgone go opela sentle; go opela le go utlwa segalo ke bokgoni jo bo farologaneng.

Perfect pitch ga e tlwaelege go le kana kang?

Perfect pitch ga e tlwaelege mo bathong ka kakaretso, mme ga go na ope yo o kileng a lekanya ka tlhamalalo gore e tlhaela go le kana kang. Palo e e tumileng ya “motho a le 1 mo go ba le 10,000” ke fopholetso ya bogologolo e e se nang bosupi jo bo nonofileng [7]. Mo baithuting ba mmino, palo e simolola mo diperesenteng di le mmalwa go fitlha mo e ka nnang 30%; e ikaegile ka gore dithuto di simolotswe go le gale go le kana kang le ka puo [6][7].

A motho yo mogolo a ka ithuta perfect pitch?

Batho ba bagolo ba ka ithuta go lemoga dinoto dingwe fa ba ikatisa thata, mme perfect pitch ya mmatota e amana thata le dithuto tsa mmino tsa bongwana jwa ntlha [6]. Relative pitch, go utlwa dikgato fa gare ga dinoto, ke yone e dibini tse dintsi di e dirisang, mme e tokafala thata ka go ikatisa mo dingwageng tsotlhe [2].

Maduo a a siameng mo tekong ya segalo ke afe?

Dipatlisiso tsa laboratori di bontsha gore batho ba ba sa ithutelang mmino gantsi ba utlwa dipharologano tsa disente tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 35, fa baopedi ba ba thapisitsweng ba utlwa tse di ka nnang 2 go ya go 17 [2][3][4]. Maduo a a kwa tlase ga disente di le 10 a supa tsebe e e utlwang sentle thata. Maduo a a fetang disente di le 100 (semitone) ga a tlwaelega; leka gape mo phaposing e e didimetseng o dirisa ditshebe.

A teko ya Helibrain ya go sa utlwe segalo e mahala ruri?

Ee. Teko le maduo a gago otlhe ke mahala: ga go tlhokege go ikwadisa, go ntsha aterese ya imeile kgotsa go duela. Helibrain e bona madi ka app ya yone, e e nang le dithulaganyo tsa mahala le tse di duelwang; ga o tlhoke app go dira teko.

Diteko tse di amanang

Bona diteko tsotlhe tsa mahala tsa boboko di le 43

A o batla go dira seno letsatsi le letsatsi? App ya Helibrain (e teng ka Seesemane fela ga jaana) e na le leano la mahala le a a duelwang.

Dipotso tse di tlwaelegileng

Metswedi

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (dipalo tsa disente jaaka di sobokantswe mo go Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Tsela e re dirileng tsebe eno ka yone: e kwadilwe ke setlhopha sa Helibrain go ikaegilwe ka dipatlisiso tse di umakilweng fa godimo, mme ya sekasekwa ke Robert(Seesemane) (moithuti wa PhD ya fisikaboko) ka 2026 Ngwanatsele 4. Re e ntšhwafatsa fa metswedi e fetoga.