Ukuhlolwa kokungezwa kahle kwamathoni

Ungakwazi yini ukuzwa ukuthi iyiphi ithoni ephakeme? Thola umehluko omncane wethoni owuzwayo, phinda isigqi ngokuthepha, bese uzama ukuqamba amanothi. Kuthatha cishe imizuzu engu-4, kumahhala futhi akudingeki ubhalise.

Yithimba lakwa-HelibrainKubuyekezwe ngu-Robert(IsiNgisi), ofundela iziqu ze-PhD ku-biophysicsKushicilelwe Kubuyekezwe okokugcina ngo-

Ukuqonda umphumela wakho

  • Umehluko omncane wethoni owuzwile: ulinganiswa ngama-cent. I-semitone, okuyisikhawu phakathi kwamakhiya epiyano asondelene, ingama-cent angu-100. Lona umehluko okwazile ukuwubona cishe izikhathi ezingu-7 kweziyi-10. Uma inombolo incane, ukuzwa kwakho kuhle kakhulu.
  • Izigqi ezifaniswe: ukuthi zingaki izigqi kwezingu-5 okwazile ukuziphinda ngokuthepha ngokuseduze. Ijubane alibalwa: ukuthepha kwakho kwelulwa noma kufinyezwe ukuze kuhambisane nobude besigqi ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa.
  • Iphutha lesikhathi sesigqi: ngokwesilinganiso, isikhawu ngasinye phakathi kokuthepha kwakho besihluke kangakanani esikhaleni sesigqi, ngamaphesenti.
  • Amanothi aqanjwe (ingxenye ongayikhetha): ukuthi mangaki amanothi awodwa owaqambe ngokunembile. Uma iphutha lakho liyisikhawu se-semitone esisodwa, uthola amaphuzu athile kumaphesenti, ngendlela abacwaningi abakala ngayo [1].

Indlebe evamile izwa kahle kangakanani?

I-semitone ingama-cent angu-100. Ezifundweni zaselebhu, abantu abavamile abangawudlali umculo bayakwazi ukuzwa umehluko wethoni ongaba ama-cent angu-12 kuya kwangu-35, kanti abaculi abaqeqeshiwe bayakwazi ukuzwa omncane njengama-cent angu-2 kuya kwangu-17 [2][3][4]. Ukuzilolonga kuyasiza kakhulu: ngemva kwamahora angu-4 kuya kwangu-8 okuqeqeshwa, abantu abangawudlali umculo bafinyelela ezingeni labaculi [2]. Ukungezwa kahle kwamathoni kwangempela (i-congenital amusia) akuvamile; kuthinta cishe u-1.5% wabantu abadala [5].

Amaqiniso asheshayo

  • Ukungezwa kahle kwamathoni akuvamile: cishe u-1.5% wabantu abadala une-amusia azalwa nayo, okuyinkinga yokuzwa ukuphakama kwamanothi yomuntu ehlala impilo yonke, ocwaningweni olwenziwa ku-inthanethi olwacubungula abantu abadala abangaba ngu-16,600 [5]. Abantu abaningi bathi nje "abakwazi ukucula".
  • Ukuqeqesha kuthuthukisa ukuzwa ukuphakama kwamanothi: umkhawulo wokuzwa umehluko wokuphakama kwamanothi kubaculi bomculo we-classical ekuqaleni wawucija izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-6 kunowabantu abangewona abaculi. Abangewona abaculi banciphisa lo mehluko ngemva kwamahora angu-4 kuya ku-8 bezilolonga [2].
  • Ukuzwa ithoni ephelele kuncike ekuqeqeshweni kusenesikhathi nasolimini: kubafundi bomculo abaqala izifundo beneminyaka engu-4 kuya ku-5, cishe u-60% eBeijing no-14% esikoleni somculo esiphakeme e-US babenekhono lokuzwa ithoni ephelele [6].
  • U-"1 kwabangu-10,000" uyisilinganiso esingaqinile: izinga lokuzwa ithoni ephelele elivame ukucashunwa lisuselwa esilinganisweni sango-1955, esasisekelwe kubaculi umcwaningi oyedwa ahlangana nabo ngenhlanhla, hhayi esampuleni ekhethwe ngokungahleliwe [7].
  • Wonke umuntu ushaya isigqi ngaphambi kwesikhathi: lapho abantu beshaya izandla noma into ethile behambisana nesigqi, abaningi bashaya ngaphambi kwaso ngama-millisecond ambalwa kuya kwamashumi ambalwa [8].

Indlela ukuhlolwa kokungezwa kahle kwamathoni okusebenza ngayo

  1. Ukuhlola umsindo. Uzwe amanothi amane akhuphukayo, ukuze ukwazi ukusetha ivolumu ekhululekile. Umsindo omkhulu awungcono.
  2. Phezulu noma phansi? Kudlala amathoni amabili, elilodwa lilandelana nelinye. Ingabe elesibili beliphezulu noma liphansi? Ukuphakama kwethoni yokuqala kuyashintsha njalo, phakathi kuka-330 no-660 Hz, ngakho awukwazi ukufunda inothi elingaguquki. Umehluko uqala ku-100 cents. Ngemva kwezimpendulo ezimbili ezilungile zilandelana uyancipha; ngemva kwempendulo engalungile uyakhula. Lo mthetho othi "2-phansi, 1-phezulu" ubeka izinga lapho uphendula khona kahle cishe u-71% wezikhathi [9]. Ume lapho sekufinyelelwe ezindaweni zokuphenduka ezingu-10, bese umphumela wakho uba isilinganiso sezindawo zokuphenduka zokugcina ezingu-6.
  3. Isigqi. Kudlala isigqi esifushane sokuchofoza izikhathi ezingu-2; bese usishaya futhi. Kunezigqi ezingu-5.
  4. Ukuhlolwa kwethoni ephelele (ongakukhetha). Amanothi awodwa angu-12, ngaphandle kwenothi lokubhekisela nangaphandle kwempendulo yokuthi ulungile yini. Qamba inothi ngalinye kukhibhodi.

Yonke imisindo yenziwa esipheqululini sakho; akukho okurekhodiwe.

Ukuhlolwa kokuzwa ithoni ephelele

Ukuzwa ithoni ephelele (noma ukuzwa ithoni engaguquki) kusho ukuqamba inothi ungazange uqale uzwe inothi eliyisithenjwa. Ocwaningweni olulodwa olukhulu lwe-inthanethi, abantu ababenalo leli khono bathola amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye; amaphuzu ahlukana aba ngamaqembu amabili, kwaba nabantu abambalwa phakathi kwawo [1]. Ukuthi kuvame kangakanani kuncike kubantu obabuza: cishe u-30% wabafundi bomculo baseJapan no-7% basePoland baphumelela ekuhlolweni okuqinile [7], futhi izifundo zakuqala nolimi olunamathoni kwenza kube lula ukuba naleli khono [6]. Abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nabaculi abaningi abanekhono, kunalokho basebenzisa ukuzwa okuhlobene: bezwa izikhawu phakathi kwamanothi, hhayi amanothi ngokwawo.

Yini ethinta umphumela wakho?

  • Ukuqeqeshwa komculo. Iminyaka yokudlala insimbi yomculo noma yokucula yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuzwa izikhawu zamathoni [2][3].
  • Ukuzilolonga ngalo msebenzi. Imingcele yokuzwa iyehla emizamweni yokuqala, ngisho naseseshini eyodwa [2]. Qhathanisa umzamo wakho olandelayo nalo.
  • Ama-headphone negumbi. Ama-headphone negumbi elithulile kuyasiza. Izipikha ezincane zefoni zingenza kube nzima ukuzwa amathoni aphansi.
  • Ukunaka nokukhathala. Uma ungagxilile esivivinyweni esisodwa, umehluko uyakhula futhi.
  • Imikhuba yesigqi. Lapho bephinda isigqi ngokuthepha, abantu bavame ukusisondeza ezigqini ezilula, njengokwenza amanothi amade abe made ngokuphindwe kabili kwafushane [10]. Wonke umuntu uba namaphutha athile, futhi lokho kujwayelekile.

Lokho lokhu kuhlolwa okungakutshela nokungakwazi ukukutshela

Ukuhlolwa kuka-Helibrain kokungezwa kahle kwamathoni kuwumdlalo wokuzijabulisa wendlebe osekelwe emisebenzini yocwaningo. Akukona ukuhlolwa kokuzwa, akukona ukuxilonga i-amusia, futhi akuwona amathuluzi ocwaningo asetshenziselwa ukuyixilonga (njenge-Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Umsindo wesiphequluli nezipikha akufani nemishini yelebhu, ngakho thatha izinombolo zakho njengezilinganiso ezisondele kuphela.

Uma ukhathazekile ngokuzwa kwakho, ngokwesibonelo uma amazwi ezwakala engacacile, bonana nodokotela noma uchwepheshe wokuzwa.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi ngizwa kabi amathoni?

Uma ukwazi ukubona ukuthi imaphi amathoni amabili aphakeme uma ehlukaniswe yi-semitone (ama-cent angu-100), cishe awuzwanga kabi amathoni: abantu abaningi bayakwazi ukuzwa izikhawu ezincane kakhulu [2][4]. Ukungezwa kahle kwamathoni kwangempela, okuyi-congenital amusia, kuthinta cishe u-1.5% wabantu abadala [5] futhi kutholwa ngokuhlolwa kocwaningo okude. Ukuhlolwa kuka-Helibrain kokungezwa kahle kwamathoni kukunikeza umbono wokuqala, hhayi ukuxilongwa.

Bangaki abantu abangezwa kahle amathoni?

Cishe u-1.5% wabantu abadala une-congenital amusia, ngokocwaningo lwe-inthanethi olwahlaziya cishe abantu abangu-16,600 abaneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-65 [5]. Ucwaningo oludala lwango-1980 lwathi lungu-4%, kusetshenziswa olunye uhlobo lokuhlola nencazelo engacacile kangako [12]. Baningi kakhulu abantu abacabanga ukuthi abezwa kahle amathoni ngoba abakwazi ukucula kahle; ukucula nokuzwa ukuphakama kwamathoni ngamakhono ahlukene.

Kuvamile kangakanani ukuzwa ithoni ephelele?

Ukuzwa ithoni ephelele akuvamile kubantu bonke, kodwa akekho olinganise ngokunembile ukuthi akuvamile kangakanani. Isibalo esidumile esithi "1 kwabangu-10,000" siyisilinganiso esidala esisekelwe kudatha ebuthakathaka [7]. Kubafundi bomculo, izinga lisukela kumaphesenti ambalwa liye cishe ku-30%, kuye ngokuthi baqale nini izifundo nangolimi [6][7].

Umuntu omdala angakufunda yini ukuzwa ithoni ephelele?

Abantu abadala bangafunda ukubona amanye amanothi ngokuzilolonga kakhulu, kodwa ukuzwa ithoni ephelele kwangempela kuhlobene kakhulu nezifundo zomculo zaseminyakeni yokuqala yobuntwana [6]. Abaculi abaningi basebenzisa ukuzwa okuhlobene, okuwukuzwa izikhawu phakathi kwamanothi, futhi lokhu kuthuthuka kahle ngokuzilolonga kunoma iyiphi iminyaka [2].

Yimaphi amaphuzu amahle ekuhlolweni kwethoni?

Ezifundweni zaselebhu, abantu abangawudlali umculo bavame ukuzwa umehluko wama-cent angu-12 kuya kwangu-35, kanti abaculi abaqeqeshiwe bezwa umehluko wama-cent angu-2 kuya kwangu-17 [2][3][4]. Umphumela ongaphansi kwama-cent angu-10 ubonisa ukuzwa okubukhali kakhulu. Umphumela ongaphezu kwama-cent angu-100 (i-semitone) awujwayelekile, ngakho kungakuhle uzame futhi usegunjini elithulile unama-headphone.

Ingabe ukuhlolwa kuka-Helibrain kokungezwa kahle kwamathoni kumahhala ngempela?

Yebo. Ukuhlolwa nawo wonke umphumela wakho kumahhala: akudingeki ubhalise, unikeze i-imeyili noma ukhokhe. U-Helibrain uthola imali ngohlelo lwakhe lokusebenza, olunohlelo lwamahhala nezinhlelo ezikhokhelwayo; awudingi lolu hlelo lokusebenza ukuze wenze ukuhlolwa.

Ukuhlolwa okuhlobene

Bona konke ukuhlolwa kobuchopho kwamahhala okungu-43

Ufuna ukusebenza kulokhu nsuku zonke? Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Helibrain (okwamanje lutholakala ngesiNgisi) lunohlelo lwamahhala kanye nezinhlelo ezikhokhelwayo.

Imibuzo evamile

Imithombo

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (cent values as summarized in Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Indlela esenze ngayo leli khasi: libhalwe yithimba lakwa-Helibrain kusetshenziswa izifundo ezibalwe ngenhla, futhi labuyekezwa u-Robert(IsiNgisi) (umfundi oqhubeka neziqu zobudokotela ku-biophysics) ngo-Novemba 4, 2026. Sibuyekeza lokhu lapho imithombo ishintsha.