Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Isibalo | Esiphathelene nakho | Umkhawulo obalulekile |
|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | Inkinga yokucubungula ukuphakama kwamathoni omculo abazalwa nayo, ngokwezimiso zocwaningo | Kuncike emithethweni yokuhlola nokuhlukanisa abantu ngezigaba |
| Cishe ababambiqhaza abangu-20,000 | Ubukhulu besampula yokuqala yocwaningo olwenziwa ku-inthanethi | Akubona bonke ababambiqhaza abafakwe kukho konke ukuhlaziywa kokugcina |
| Isilinganiso esidala esingu-4% | Isilinganiso sangaphambili esasisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okukodwa, okuxoxwa ngaso ngababhali | Akusona isilinganiso sokuxilonga esisebenza kubo bonke njengamanje |
Ucwaningo lokusabalala kwalesi simo lusebenzisa imisebenzi eminingana yokuhlola esebenzisa izilinganiso eziqondile kanye nohlu lwemibuzo. Iphuzu elisemqoka ukuthi ukuthola amaphuzu aphansi emsebenzini owodwa womculo akufanele kuholele ngokuzenzakalelayo ekubeni umuntu athathwe njengonenkinga yokucubungula umculo azalwa nayo. Inani lesampula liyisilinganiso nje ngoba ukuqashwa kwababambiqhaza, ukukhishwa kwabanye nokuthi yimaphi amaqembu afakwe ekuhlaziyweni okuthile kuyehluka. Peretz et al., 2017
Kusho ukuthini lapha ukuba nenkinga yokucubungula umculo ozalwa nayo?
Lolu cwaningo luphathelene nobunzima obuhlala impilo yonke kwezinye izici zokucubungula umculo, obungachazwa nje ngokungezwa kahle noma ngokushoda kwamakhono okuqonda okuvamile. Umbiko wokuqala wesimo nocwaningo lwamaqembu luchaza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe, kunokuthi lulinganise ukungawuthandi umculo noma ukucula ngokungashayi emhlolweni nalesi simo. Peretz et al., 2002 Ayotte et al., 2002
I-Montreal Battery ihlola izingxenye eziningana zomculo. Abayisungula kanye ne-Montreal Protocol eyalandela bagcizelela ukuthi lezi zivivinyo ziyingxenye yenqubo yokuhlola nokuhlola kabanzi, azisona isinqumo sokuxilonga esizimele esenziwa ku-inthanethi. Umdlalo wokuhlola ukuphakama kwamathoni osetshenziswa umphakathi awufani ngokuzenzakalelayo naleyo protocol. Peretz et al., 2003 Vuvan et al., 2017
Kungani ukuzibiza ngalesi simo kungadukisa
Abantu basebenzisa igama elithi ukungezwa kahle komculo ngokunganembile ukuze bachaze izinto eziningi abazizwayo. Ukuzethemba, ikhono lokucula nokukwazi ukubona umehluko wamathoni akuyona into efanayo elinganiswayo. Isilinganiso sokusabalala esisekelwe encazelweni ethile yocwaningo asinakusetshenziswa kubo bonke abathi abakwazi ukucula. Izimiso ezihlanganisiwe zocwaningo lokusabalala zibalulekile ngoba leli gama elisetshenziswa nje linencazelo ebanzi. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Yini ekuthintayo?
Ingabe ubunzima bokuzwa ukuphakama kwethoni nobesigqi buyinto efanayo?
Akudingekile. UPhillips-Silver nozakwabo bachaza umuntu onenkinga yokuzwa isigqi, okubonisa ukuthi ubunzima bokuhambisana nesigqi abufani nokuphazamiseka kokucubungula ukuphakama kwamathoni omculo. Ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo lokuvumelanisa nakho kuthatha ukubona isigqi nokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza njengezenzo ezinezingxenye eziningi. Ubuthakathaka engxenyeni eyodwa yomsebenzi abufakazeli ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukwenza lutho kuyo yonke imikhakha yomculo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Ingabe iminyaka nobulili kunikeza amathuba athile kumuntu ngamunye?
Ucwaningo lokusabalala lubika ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimiso zalo, ingxenye yabesifazane iphakeme kancane, kodwa lokho akwenzi kube nomthetho wokuxilonga umuntu ngamunye. Inqubo yokuqasha ababambiqhaza neyokubahlukanisa ngezigaba isanquma isilinganiso. Ukusebenzisa iphesenti elilodwa kwelinye iqembu leminyaka noma kubantu abavele bahlole ku-inthanethi nje kungadinga obunye ubufakazi. Peretz et al., 2017
Yini ongayifunda ngempela ekuhlolweni?
Ungabona indlela owenza ngayo emisindweni, emithethweni yokuphendula nasethuluzini olisebenzisayo. Uma ubunzima buqhubeka, kungase kusize ukubuqonda kabanzi, kodwa umphumela wokuhlolwa okufushane awukwazi ukuhlukanisa yonke imithombo yamaphutha noma ukuqinisekisa isimo sempilo yonke. I-Montreal Protocol isho ngokusobala ukuthi ngisho namathuluzi okuhlola umculo asezinzile ayizigaba zenqubo yokuhlola. Vuvan et al., 2017
Ukuthembeka komphumela kuhlukile ekutheni umsebenzi wokuhlola okhona ocwaningweni ungokoqobo yini. Ucwaningo olubanzi lwezilinganiso zengqondo lubonisa ukuthi kungani umphumela obonakala eqenjini ungasho ukuthi ukuhleleka kwabantu ngabanye ngokwamaphuzu okuhlolwa okufushane kuhlala kuzinzile. Lesi simiso sisekela ukuqapha, kodwa asikuphiki lokho umuntu abhekana nakho ngobunzima bomculo. Hedge et al., 2017
Azikho izifundo ezicashuniwe ezifakazela ukuthi lo mdlalo welapha inkinga yokucubungula umculo umuntu azalwa nayo noma ukuthi uhlelo olufushane lokuzilolonga luzoyiqeda. Isiphetho esiwusizo yisilinganiso sokusabalala esichazwe ngokucophelela nokuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomculo ikala ini. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kokuzwa umehluko wamathoni omculo
Zama ukuhlolwa kokuzwa umehluko wamathoni omculo ukuze uhlole ukubona umehluko wokuphakama kwamathoni nokuphindaphinda isigqi. Lapho utolika imiphumela, bheka izingxenye zokuhlola ngokwehlukana. Lokhu akuyona i-Montreal diagnostic protocol, futhi amaphuzu aphansi awaqinisekisi ukuthi unenkinga yokucubungula umculo ozalwa nayo noma ukuthi ungezwanga kahle.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe ukucula kabi kusho ukuthi angikwazi ukuzwa umehluko wamathoni?
Incazelo yocwaningo ayisho ukuthi lezi zinto ziyefana. Ukuhlolwa kwekhono lokucula nokokubona umculo kudinga izindlela ezingafani. Vuvan et al., 2017
Isiphi isibalo esifanele, u-1.5% noma u-4%?
Lezi zibalo zibhekisela ezindleleni nasebufakazini obungafani. Ucwaningo olukhulu lubika u-1.5% ngokwezimiso zalo ezihlanganisiwe futhi luxoxa ngesilinganiso esidala esingu-4%. Peretz et al., 2017
Ingabe ukuba nesigqi esingesihle kufakazela ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukubona ukuphakama kwamathoni?
Cha. Isimo somuntu onenkinga yokuzwa isigqi kanye nocwaningo lokuvumelanisa kuhlukanisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zokwenza umculo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Imithombo
- Peretz et al. (2017). Ukusabalala kwenkinga yokucubungula umculo umuntu azalwa nayo.
- Vuvan et al. (2017). I-Montreal Protocol yokuhlonza inkinga yokucubungula umculo.
- Peretz et al. (2002). Inkinga yokucubungula umculo umuntu azalwa nayo.
- Peretz et al. (2003). Izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka komculo.
- Ayotte et al. (2002). Inkinga yokucubungula umculo umuntu azalwa nayo.
- Phillips-Silver et al. (2011). Wazalelwa ukudansa kodwa enenkinga yokuzwa isigqi: uhlobo olusha lwenkinga yokucubungula umculo umuntu azalwa nayo.
- Repp et al. (2013). Ukuvumelanisa izinzwa nokunyakaza: ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo lwakamuva (2006–2012).
- Hedge et al. (2017). Indida yokuthembeka: kungani imisebenzi yokuqonda ethembekile ingavezi umehluko ozinzile phakathi kwabantu.