Momekano ya koyoka malamu ba-tono

Okoki koyoka tono nini eleki mosusu na likoló? Luká mbongwana ya moke koleka ya ngonga oyo okoki koyoka, zongisa ritme na kofina, mpe meka koyeba manote. Minuta pene na 4, ofelé: kokomisa nkombo te.

Ekómami na ekipi ya HelibrainEtalelami lisusu na Robert(Lingelesi), moyekoli ya doktora na fiziki ya biloko ya bomoiEbimisami Etalelami lisusu mpo na mbala ya nsuka

Ndenge ya kotánga matomba na yo

  • Mbongwana ya moke koleka ya ngonga oyo oyokaki: na cents. Demi-tono, ntaka kati na bafungola mibale oyo ezali pembeni na piano, ezali 100 cents. Omonaki bokeseni yango pene na mbala 7 kati na mbala 10. Motuya ya moke elakisi ete oyokaka bokeseni ya mikemike koleka.
  • Ba-ritme oyo ozongisaki malamu: motángo ya ba-ritme kati na 5 oyo ofinaki lisusu pene na ndenge yango. Mbangu ya ritme etángamaka te: tofini na yo tosembozaka na bolai ya ritme liboso ya kokokanisa.
  • Libunga ya ntango ya ritme: na mwayene, ntaka kati na kofina na yo ekesanaki na ntaka ya ritme na bonene boni, na motuya ya nkama.
  • Manote oyo oyebaki (eteni ya bolingi): motángo ya manote moko-moko oyo oyebaki mpenza. Soki ozali na demi-tono moko ya libunga, ozwi ndambo ya bapwɛ na motuya ya nkama, ndenge balukiluki bapesaka bapwɛ [1].

Matoyi ya bato mingi eyokaka ndenge nini?

Demi-tono ezali 100 cents. Na bolukiluki ya laboratware, bato mingi oyo bayekolá miziki te bayokaka bokeseni ya ngonga ya pene na 12 kino 35 cents, mpe bayembi oyo bamesaná na miziki bayokaka ata pene na 2 kino 17 cents [2][3][4]. Kosala ngalasisi esalisaka mingi: bato oyo bayekolá miziki te bakómaki na nivo ya bayembi nsima ya ngonga 4 kino 8 ya ngalasisi [2]. Koyoka mpenza mabe bokeseni ya ba-tono (amusia oyo moto abotamaka na yango) emonanaka mingi te, pene na 1.5% ya mikóló [5].

Makambo ya noki

  • Koyoka mabe ba-tono emonanaka mingi te: pene na 1.5% ya mikóló bazali na amusia oyo babotamaka na yango, mokakatano ya koyeba ngonga ya miziki oyo eumelaka bomoi mobimba, na boyekoli moko ya Internet oyo etalelaki pene na mikóló 16,600 [5]. Bato mingi koleka balobaka ete “nakoki koyemba te”.
  • Ngalasisi ekómisaka koyoka ba-tono polele: liboso ya ngalasisi, bayembi ya miziki ya kala bazalaki koyoka ba-tono ya mikemike koleka mbala koleka 6 ndenge bato oyo bayekolá miziki te. Bato yango bakómaki pene na nivo wana nsima ya ngonga 4 kino 8 ya ngalasisi [2].
  • Koyeba tono ya sikisiki etaleli ngalasisi ya bomwana mpe monɔkɔ: na kati ya bayekoli ya miziki oyo babandaki mateya na mbula 4 kino 5, pene na 60% na Beijing mpe 14% na eteyelo ya miziki ya likoló na États-Unis bayebaki tono ya sikisiki [6].
  • “Moto 1 kati na 10,000” ezali motuya oyo ebongi kotyela motema mingi te: motuya oyo balobelaka mingi mpo na koyeba tono ya sikisiki eutaki na makanisi ya mobu 1955, oyo etalelaki bayembi oyo moto moko ya bolukiluki akutanaki na bango, kasi etalelaki bato oyo baponamaki na ndenge ya loteri te [7].
  • Bato nyonso bafinaka liboso ya ntango: ntango bazali kofina na ndenge ya ritme, bato mingi bafinaka mwa bambula ya milisekondi liboso ya ritme [8].

Ndenge momekano ya koyoka malamu ba-tono esalaka

  1. Komeka mongongo. Okoyoka manote minei oyo ezali komata mpo okoka kopona mongongo oyo ebongi na matoi na yo. Mongongo makasi eleki malamu te.
  2. Likoló to na nse? Ba-tono mibale eyokanaka moko nsima ya mosusu. Ya mibale ezalaki likoló to na nse koleka? Ngonga ya tono ya liboso ebongwanaka mbala nyonso, kati na 330 mpe 660 Hz, mpo okoka koyekola tono moko oyo ebongwanaka te. Mbongwana ebandaka na 100 cents. Soki oyanoli malamu mbala mibale na molongo, mbongwana ekómaka moke; soki oyanoli mabe, ekómaka monene. Mobeko oyo ya “2 na nse, 1 na likoló” emonisaka esika oyo ozali koyanola malamu pene na 71% ya bantango [9]. Momekano esukaka nsima ya 10 bisika oyo nzela ebongwanaka, mpe matomba na yo ezali mwayene ya 6 ya nsuka.
  3. Ritme. Ritme mokuse ya kofina eyokanaka mbala 2; na nsima finá lisusu ndenge oyokaki yango. Ezali na ba-ritme 5.
  4. Momekano ya koyeba tono ya sikisiki (ya bolingi). Manote moko-moko 12, kozanga koyoka tono ya kosalela mpo na kokokanisa mpe kozanga koyebisa yo soki oyanoli malamu. Pona nkombo ya note mokomoko na klavye.

Mongongo nyonso ebimisamaka na masini oyo osalelaka mpo na kotala Internet; ba-enregistrement ezali te.

Momekano ya koyeba tono ya sikisiki

Koyeba tono ya sikisiki ezali koyeba nkombo ya note kozanga liboso koyoka note ya kokokanisa. Na boyekoli moko monene ya Internet, bato oyo bazalaki na likoki yango bazwaki bapwɛ mingi koleka bato mosusu nyonso; bapwɛ ekabolamaki na bituluku mibale ekeseni, mpe bato moke nde bazalaki na katikati [1]. Boniboni yango emonanaka etaleli bato oyo batunaka: pene na 30% ya bayekoli ya miziki ya Japon mpe 7% ya bayekoli ya miziki ya Pologne balongaki momekano ya makasi [7], mpe mateya ya bomwana mpe monɔkɔ oyo ba-tono emonisaka ndimbola ekoki kosala ete likoki yango ezala mingi [6]. Bato mingi, ata bayembi mingi ya malamu, bayokaka nde boyokani kati na manote: bayokaka bokeseni ya ba-tono, kasi bayebaka nkombo ya note te.

Nini ebongolaka matomba na yo?

  • Koyekola miziki. Bambula mingi ya kobɛta esaleli moko ya miziki to koyemba esalisaka mingi mpo na koyoka bokeseni ya ba-tono [2][3].
  • Komeka yango lisusu. Na komeka ya liboso, motángo ya bokeseni ekitaka, ata na ntango ya eteni moko ya momekano [2]. Kokokanisa komeka na yo oyo ekolanda na oyo ya lelo.
  • Ba-écouteurs mpe esika. Ba-écouteurs mpe esika ya kimya esalisaka. Ba-haut-parleurs ya mike ya telefone ekoki kosala ete koyoka ba-tono ya nse ezala mpasi.
  • Likebi mpe kolɛmba. Soki likebi na yo elongwe na ntango ya komeka moko, mbongwana ekómaka monene lisusu.
  • Mimeseno ya ritme. Ntango bazali kozongisa ritme na kofina, bato bakendaka mbala mingi na ba-ritme ya pɛtɛɛ, lokola note molai oyo eumelaka mbala mibale ya note mokuse [10]. Mwa “libunga” ezali likambo ya momeseno mpo na moto nyonso.

Makambo oyo momekano oyo ekoki koyebisa yo mpe oyo ekoki koyebisa yo te

Momekano ya koyoka malamu ba-tono ya Helibrain ezali lisano ya matoyi ya kosepelisa, oyo etongami na misala ya bolukiluki. Ezali momekano ya koyoka te, ezali te mayebisi ya amusia, mpe ezali te molongo ya bamekano ya bolukiluki oyo basalelaka mpo na koyeba maladi yango (na ndakisa Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Mongongo ya masini ya Internet mpe ba-haut-parleurs ezali bisaleli ya laboratware te; yango wana talela mituya na yo lokola oyo ezali pene-pene.

Soki ozali komitungisa mpo na koyoka na yo, na ndakisa soki mongongo ya bato eyokanaka lokola ebombami, kende epai ya monganga to monganga ya matoyi.

Mituna oyo batunaka mingi

Ndenge nini nakoki koyeba soki nayokaka malamu ba-tono te?

Soki okoki koyeba tono nini eleki mosusu na likoló kati na ba-tono mibale oyo ekabwani na demi-tono moko (100 cents), ezali mpenza te ete oyokaka mabe ba-tono: bato mingi bayokaka bokeseni ya moke koleka [2][4]. Koyoka mpenza mabe ba-tono, oyo babengaka amusia oyo moto abotamaka na yango, etalelaka pene na 1.5% ya mikóló [5] mpe emonisamaka na bamekano ya bolukiluki oyo eumelaka koleka. Momekano ya Helibrain epesaka yo likanisi ya liboso, kasi emonisaka maladi te.

Bato boni na nkama bayokaka mabe ba-tono?

Pene na 1.5% ya mikóló bazali na amusia oyo babotamaka na yango, ndenge boyekoli moko ya Internet oyo etalelaki pene na mikóló 16,600 ya mbula 18 kino 65 emonisi [5]. Boyekoli moko ya kala ya mobu 1980 etyaki motuya yango na 4%, na kosalelaka momekano mosusu mpe ndimbola ya pɛtɛɛ koleka [12]. Bato mingi koleka bakanisaka ete bayokaka mabe ba-tono mpo bayembaka malamu te; koyemba mpe koyoka ngonga ya ba-tono ezali makoki mibale ekeseni.

Koyeba tono ya sikisiki ezalaka mpenza mingi te?

Koyeba tono ya sikisiki ezalaka mingi te kati na bato nyonso, kasi moto moko te ameká mpenza motuya na yango. Motuya ya lokumu “moto 1 kati na 10,000” ezali makanisi ya kala oyo ezali na bilembeteli ya makasi te [7]. Kati na bayekoli ya miziki, motuya yango ebandaka na mwa bato na nkama kino pene na 30%, na kotalela soki babandaki mateya na mbula nini mpe monɔkɔ na bango [6][7].

Okoki koyekola koyeba tono ya sikisiki soki okómi mokóló?

Bato mikóló bakoki koyekola koyeba manote mosusu soki basaleli ngalasisi mingi, kasi koyeba tono ya sikisiki ezali na boyokani makasi na mateya ya miziki na bomwana ya ebandeli [6]. Boyokani ya ba-tono, elingi koloba koyoka bokeseni kati na manote, nde likoki oyo bayembi mingi basalelaka, mpe ebongwanaka malamu soki ozali kosala ngalasisi na mbula nyonso [2].

Bapwɛ nini ezali malamu na momekano ya ngonga ya ba-tono?

Na bolukiluki ya laboratware, bato oyo bayekolá miziki te bayokaka bokeseni ya pene na 12 kino 35 cents, mpe bayembi oyo bamesaná na miziki bayokaka pene na 2 kino 17 cents [2][3][4]. Matomba oyo ezali na nse ya 10 cents elakisi matoyi oyo eyokaka bokeseni ya mikemike mpenza. Koleka 100 cents (demi-tono moko) ezali likambo ya kokamwa; meka lisusu na esika ya kimya mpe na ba-écouteurs.

Momekano ya koyoka malamu ba-tono ya Helibrain ezali mpenza ofelé?

Ɛɛ. Momekano mpe matomba na yo nyonso ezali ofelé: kokomisa nkombo te, kopesa email te mpe kofuta te. Helibrain ezwaka mbongo na nzela ya aplikasyo na yango, oyo ezali na programɛ ya ofelé mpe oyo efutamaka; osengeli na aplikasyo yango te mpo na kosala momekano.

Mekano mosusu

Talá mekano nyonso 43 ya bɔɔngɔ ya ofele

Olingi kosala yango mokolo na mokolo? Apilikasyo ya Helibrain (na Lingelesi kaka mpo na sikoyo) ezali na mwango ya ofele mpe manáka ya kofuta.

Mituna oyo batunaka mingi

Bisaleli ya bolukiluki

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (cent values as summarized in Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Ndenge tosali lokasa oyo: ekipi ya Helibrain ekomaki yango na kotalela bolukiluki oyo totángi likoló, mpe Robert(Lingelesi) (moyekoli ya doktora na fiziki ya biloko ya bomoi) atalelaki yango lisusu na 4 sánzá ya zómi na mɔ̌kɔ́ 2026. Tobongisaka yango ntango bisika oyo tozwaki makambo ebongwani.