Teko ea ho Lemoha Phapang ea Molumo

Na u ka utloa hore na ke molumo ofe o phahame? Fumana phapang e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa eo u ka e utloang, pheta morethetho ka ho tlanya, ebe u leka ho reha linoto mabitso. E nka metsotso e ka bang 4, ke mahala: ha ho hlokahale ho ingolisa.

Ke sehlopha sa HelibrainE hlahlobiloe ke Robert(Senyesemane), moithuti oa PhD ea ithutang fisiks ea lintho tse phelangE phatlalalitsoe ka E hlahlobiloe la ho qetela ka

Mokhoa oa ho bala sephetho sa hao

  • Phapang e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa ea bophahamo eo u e utloileng: e lekanyetsoa ka cents. Mohato oa semitone, e leng phapang pakeng tsa linotlolo tse peli tse bapileng tsa piano, ke 100 cents. Ona ke mohato oo u khonneng ho o khetholla makhetlo a ka bang 7 ho a 10. Ha palo e le nyenyane, kutlo e ba betere.
  • Merethetho e phetiloeng ka nepo: palo ea merethetho ho 5 eo u e phetetseng haufi le ea pele. Lebelo ha le baloe: re otlolla ho tlanya ha hao hore ho lekane le bolelele ba morethetho pele re bapisa.
  • Phoso ea nako ea morethetho: ka karolelano, lekhalo ka leng pakeng tsa ho tlanya ha hao le fapane hakae le lekhalo la morethetho, ka liphesente.
  • Linoto tse rehelletsoeng (karolo eo u ka e tlolang): palo ea linoto tse le ’ngoe tseo u li rehileng hantle. Ha u fositse ka semitone e le ’ngoe, u fumana karolo ea lintlha tsa liphesente, ho latela mokhoa oo bafuputsi ba li balang ka oona [1].

Kutlo e tloaelehileng ea ’mino e joang?

Semitone ke 100 cents. Liphuputsong tsa laboratori, batho ba tloaelehileng ba sa koetlisetsoang ’mino ba khona ho utloa phapang ea bophahamo e ka bang 12 ho isa ho 35 cents; libini tse koetlisitsoeng tsona li utloa e nyenyane joaloka hoo e ka bang 2 ho isa ho 17 cents [2][3][4]. Ho ikoetlisa ho thusa haholo: batho ba sa koetlisetsoang ’mino ba ile ba fihla boemong ba libini ka mor’a lihora tse 4 ho isa ho tse 8 tsa koetliso [2]. Ho se khone ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino ka tlhaho (congenital amusia) ke ntho e sa tloaelehang; ho ama batho ba baholo ba ka bang 1.5% [5].

Lintlha tse potlakileng

  • Ho se khone ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino ke ntho e sa tloaelehang: hoo e ka bang 1.5% ea batho ba baholo ba na le congenital amusia, bothata ba bophelo bohle ba ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino, ho latela phuputso ea inthanete e ileng ea sekaseka batho ba baholo ba ka bang 16,600 [5]. Batho ba bangata ba re feela “ha ke khone ho bina”.
  • Koetliso e ntlafatsa kutlo ea bophahamo: qalong, batho ba letsang ’mino oa classic ba ne ba khona ho utloa liphapang tse nyenyane ka makhetlo a fetang 6 ho feta batho ba sa koetlisetsoang ’mino. Ba sa koetlisetsoang ba ile ba fokotsa lekhalo ka mor’a lihora tse 4 ho isa ho tse 8 tsa boikoetliso [2].
  • Bophahamo bo phethahetseng bo amana le koetliso ea bongoaneng le puo: har’a liithuti tsa ’mino tse qalileng lithuto li le lilemo li 4 ho isa ho 5, hoo e ka bang 60% Beijing le 14% sekolong sa ’mino sa US li ne li khona ho lemoha bophahamo bo phethahetseng [6].
  • “Motho a le 1 ho ba 10,000” ke palo e sa tšepahaleng haholo: sekhahla se qotsoang khafetsa sa bophahamo bo phethahetseng se tsoa khakanyong ea 1955 e thehiloeng ho libini tseo mofuputsi a ileng a kopana le tsona ka tšohanyetso, eseng sampole e khethiloeng ka mokhoa o sa khetheng [7].
  • Batho ba bangata ba tlanya pele ho morethetho: ha ba tlanya ba tsamaisana le morethetho, batho ba bangata ba tlanya metsotsoana e seng mekae e menyenyane pele ho oona [8].

Teko ea ho lemoha phapang ea molumo e sebetsa joang

  1. Hlahloba molumo. U utloa melumo e mene e ntseng e phahama, kahoo u ka beha bophahamo ba molumo bo u loketseng. Molumo o phahameng ha o bolele hore o betere.
  2. O phahame kapa o tlase? Ho letsoa melumo e ’meli, o mong ka mor’a o mong. Na oa bobeli o ne o phahame kapa o le tlase? Bophahamo ba molumo oa pele boa fetoha kamehla, pakeng tsa 330 le 660 Hz, kahoo u ke ke ua ithuta noto e tsitsitseng. Phapang e qala ho 100 cents. Ka mor’a likarabo tse peli tse nepahetseng ka tatellano ea fokotseha; ka mor’a karabo e fosahetseng ea eketseha. Molao ona oa "2-down, 1-up" o etsa hore u nepahale hoo e ka bang 71% ea nako [9]. O emisa ka mor’a lintlha tse 10 tsa phetoho, ’me sephetho sa hao ke karolelano ea tse 6 tsa ho qetela.
  3. Morethetho. Ho letsoa morethetho o mokhutšoanyane oa ho tobetsa makhetlo a 2; ebe u o tlanya hape. Ho na le merethetho e 5.
  4. Teko ea kutlo e phethahetseng (ha u rata). Ho letsoa linoto tse le ’ngoe tse 12, ho se na noto ea papiso ebile ho se na karabo e u bolellang hore na u nepile. Bolela noto ka ’ngoe u sebelisa khiiboto.

Molumo o mong le o mong o etsoa ka har’a sebatli sa hao; ha ho lirekoto.

Teko ea bophahamo bo phethahetseng

Bophahamo bo phethahetseng (absolute pitch) ke ho reha noto lebitso u sa qala ka ho utloa noto ea papiso. Phuputsong e ’ngoe e khōlō ea inthanete, batho ba neng ba e-na le bokhoni bona ba ile ba fumana lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho feta ba bang; lintlha li ile tsa etsa lihlopha tse peli tse arohaneng, ho e-na le batho ba bangata lipakeng [1]. Hore na bo atile hakae ho itšetlehile ka sehlopha seo u se botsang: hoo e ka bang 30% ea liithuti tsa ’mino tsa Japane le 7% tsa Poland li ile tsa feta teko e thata [7]; lithuto tsa bongoaneng le puo e sebelisang molumo li etsa hore bo be bonolo ho ba teng [6]. Batho ba bangata, ho akarelletsa le libini tse ngata tse hloahloa, ba na le kutlo ea papiso ea linoto: ba utloa phapang pakeng tsa linoto, eseng linoto ka botsona.

Ke eng e amang sephetho sa hao?

  • Koetliso ea ’mino. Lilemo tsa ho letsa seletsa kapa ho bina li etsa hore ho be bonolo haholoanyane ho utloa liphapang tsa bophahamo [2][3].
  • Ho ikoetlisa tekong ka boeona. Phapang e nyenyane ka ho fetisisa eo u ka e utloang ea fokotseha litekong tsa pele, esita le nakong ea teko e le ’ngoe [2]. Bapisa teko ea hao e latelang le ena.
  • Li-headphone le kamore. Li-headphone le kamore e khutsitseng lia thusa. Libui tse nyenyane tsa fono li ka etsa hore ho be thata ho utloa melumo e tlaase.
  • Tsepamiso ea maikutlo le mokhathala. Ha u sa tsepama tekong e le ’ngoe, phapang e hlokahalang e boela e eketseha.
  • Mekhoa ea morethetho. Ha ba pheta morethetho ka ho tlanya, batho ba atisa ho o fetola hore o be bonolo, ka mohlala, linoto tse telele li be bolelele bo imenneng habeli ba tse khutšoanyane [10]. “Phoso” e itseng e tloaelehile ho bohle.

Seo teko ena e ka u bolellang sona le seo e ke keng ea se bolela

Teko ea Helibrain ea ho lemoha phapang ea molumo ke papali ea tsebe e monate e thehiloeng mesebetsing ea lipatlisiso. Ha se teko ea kutlo, ha se tlhahlobo ea amusia, ebile ha se liteko tsa lipatlisiso tse sebelisoang ho e hlahloba (joaloka Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia) [11]. Molumo oa sebatli le libui ha se thepa ea laboratori, kahoo nka lipalo tsa hao e le likhakanyo feela.

Haeba u tšoenyehile ka kutlo ea hao, ka mohlala haeba u utloa puo e sa hlaka, bona ngaka kapa setsebi sa kutlo.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa

Nka tseba joang haeba ke sa khone ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino?

Haeba u khona ho utloa hore na ke ofe ho melumo e ’meli o phahame ha e arohane ka semitone (100 cents), ho ka etsahala haholo hore ha u na bothata bona: batho ba bangata ba utloa liphapang tse nyenyane haholo [2][4]. Ho se khone ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino ka tlhaho (congenital amusia) ho ama batho ba baholo ba ka bang 1.5% [5], ’me ho fumanoa ka liteko tse telele tsa lipatlisiso. Teko ea Helibrain e u fa leseli la pele, eseng tlhahlobo.

Ke liperesente life tsa batho ba sa khoneng ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino?

Hoo e ka bang 1.5% ea batho ba baholo ba na le congenital amusia, ho latela phuputso ea inthanete e ileng ea sekaseka batho ba ka bang 16,600 ba lilemo li 18 ho isa ho 65 [5]. Phuputso ea khale ea 1980 e ile ea hakanya hore ke 4%, e sebelisa teko e fapaneng le tlhaloso e sa tiang hakaalo [12]. Batho ba bangata ho feta moo ba lumela hore ha ba khone ho lemoha bophahamo ba ’mino hobane ha ba bine hantle; ho bina le ho utloa bophahamo ke bokhoni bo fapaneng.

Bophahamo bo phethahetseng ha bo fumanehe hangata hakae?

Bophahamo bo phethahetseng ha bo atile ho batho bohle, empa ha ho motho ea lekantseng hantle hore na bo fumaneha seoelo hakae. Palo e tsebahalang ea “motho a le 1 ho ba 10,000” ke khakanyo ea khale e se nang bopaki bo matla [7]. Har’a liithuti tsa ’mino, sekhahla se tloha ho liperesente tse seng kae ho isa ho hoo e ka bang 30%, ho itšetlehile ka hore na lithuto li qalile li sa le lilemo li kae le ka puo [6][7].

Na motho e moholo a ka ithuta bophahamo bo phethahetseng?

Batho ba baholo ba ka ithuta ho lemoha linoto tse ling ka boikoetliso bo bongata, empa bophahamo ba ’nete bo phethahetseng bo amana haholo le lithuto tsa ’mino bongoaneng [6]. Kutlo ea papiso ea linoto, e leng ho utloa phapang pakeng tsa linoto, ke eona eo libini tse ngata li e sebelisang; e ntlafala haholo ka boikoetliso lilemong tsohle [2].

Sephetho se setle tekong ea bophahamo ke sefe?

Liphuputsong tsa laboratori, batho ba sa koetlisetsoang ’mino ka tloaelo ba utloa liphapang tsa hoo e ka bang 12 ho isa ho 35 cents, athe libini tse koetlisitsoeng li utloa tsa hoo e ka bang 2 ho isa ho 17 cents [2][3][4]. Sephetho se ka tlaase ho 10 cents se bontša kutlo e ntle haholo. Ho feta 100 cents (semitone) ha hoa tloaeleha; leka hape ka kamoreng e khutsitseng u roetse li-headphone.

Na teko ea Helibrain ea ho lemoha phapang ea molumo ke mahala kannete?

E. Teko le sephetho sa hao se felletseng ke mahala: ha ho hlokahale ho ingolisa, ho fana ka imeile kapa ho lefa. Helibrain e fumana chelete ka app ea eona, e nang le moralo oa mahala le meralo e lefelloang; ha ho hlokahale hore u sebelise app ho etsa teko.

Liteko tse amanang

Sheba liteko tsohle tse 43 tsa boko tsa mahala

U batla ho ikoetlisa ka sena letsatsi le letsatsi? App ea Helibrain (hona joale e fumaneha ka Senyesemane) e na le moralo oa mahala le meralo e lefelloang.

Lipotso tse botsoang hangata

Mehloli

  1. Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, et al. (2007). Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. PNAS 104(37):14795–14800. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703868104
  2. Micheyl C, Delhommeau K, Perrot X, Oxenham AJ (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research 219(1–2):36–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.004 (cent values as summarized in Deroche et al. 2017, doi.org/10.1121/1.5005496)
  3. Bianchi F, Santurette S, Wendt D, Dau T (2016). Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 17(1):69–79. doi.org/10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2
  4. Larrouy-Maestri P, Harrison PMC, Müllensiefen D (2019). The mistuning perception test: a new measurement instrument. Behavior Research Methods 51(2):663–675. doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01225-1
  5. Peretz I, Vuvan DT (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics 25(5):625–630. doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2017.15
  6. Deutsch D, Henthorn T, Marvin E, Xu H (2006). Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory students: prevalence differences, and evidence for a speech-related critical period. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2):719–722. doi.org/10.1121/1.2151799
  7. Miyazaki K, Makomaska S, Rakowski A (2012). Prevalence of absolute pitch: a comparison between Japanese and Polish music students. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(5):3484–3493. doi.org/10.1121/1.4756956
  8. Aschersleben G (2002). Temporal control of movements in sensorimotor synchronization. Brain and Cognition 48(1):66–79. doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1304
  9. Levitt H (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B):467–477. doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375
  10. Jacoby N, McDermott JH (2017). Integer ratio priors on musical rhythm revealed cross-culturally by iterated reproduction. Current Biology 27(3):359–370. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.031
  11. Peretz I, Champod AS, Hyde K (2003). Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 999:58–75. doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
  12. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics 43(4):369–382. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1980.tb01571.x

Kamoo re entseng leqephe lena kateng: le ngotsoe ke sehlopha sa Helibrain ho latela liphuputso tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo, ’me la hlahlojoa ke Robert(Senyesemane) (moithuti oa PhD ea ithutang fisiks ea lintho tse phelang) ka 2026 Pudungwana 4. Rea le nchafatsa ha mehloli e fetoha.