Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Chiwerengero | Zimene chikufotokoza | Malire ofunika |
|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | Amusia yobadwa nayo yokhudza kamvekedwe, potsatira mfundo za kafukufukuyu | Zimadalira malamulo oyezera ndi kugawa magulu |
| Pafupifupi anthu 20,000 | Kukula kwa gulu loyambirira la pa intaneti la kafukufukuyu | Si onse amene anaphatikizidwa m’kusanthula komaliza kulikonse |
| Chiwerengero chakale cha 4% | Chiwerengero chakale chochokera ku mayeso amodzi chimene olemba anakambirana | Si mlingo wapadziko lonse wa matenda umene ukugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa |
Pepala lofotokoza kuchuluka kwa vutoli linagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zingapo zoyezera mwachindunji kuphatikizapo mafunso. Mfundo yake yaikulu ndi yakuti zotsatira zochepa pa ntchito imodzi ya nyimbo siziyenera kungotanthauza kuti munthu ali ndi amusia yobadwa nayo. Chiwerengero cha anthu amene anachita nawo kafukufukuyu ndi choyerekeza chifukwa njira yolembetsera anthu, kuwachotsa ndi magulu amene anaphatikizidwa pa kusanthula kosiyanasiyana zinasiyana. Peretz et al., 2017
Kodi amusia yobadwa nayo ikutanthauza chiyani pano?
Kafukufukuyu akufotokoza vuto la moyo wonse la mbali zina za kamvedwe ka nyimbo, lomwe silingafotokozedwe ndi kusamva bwino kapena kufooka kwa luso la kuganiza lonse. Lipoti loyambirira la wodwala ndi kafukufuku wa gulu la anthu anafotokoza kuyeza mwatsatanetsatane, m’malo mofananiza kusakonda nyimbo kapena kuimba mosatsatira kamvekedwe ndi vutoli. Peretz et al., 2002 Ayotte et al., 2002
Montreal Battery imayesa mbali zingapo za nyimbo. Opanga mayesowa ndi Montreal Protocol yapatsogolo akutsindika kuti mayesowa ndi mbali ya njira yowunika ndi kuyeza, osati njira yodziwira matenda pa intaneti yokha. Masewera a kamvekedwe ka nyimbo amene anthu angagwiritse ntchito si ofanana ndi protocol imeneyi nthawi zonse. Peretz et al., 2003 Vuvan et al., 2017
Chifukwa chiyani kudzitcha wekha kuti uli ndi vutoli kungasocheretse?
Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “tone deaf” m’njira zambiri zosalongosoka. Kudzidalira pa luso lako, kuimba ndi kusiyanitsa kamvekedwe ndi zinthu zosiyana zoyezera. Chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa vutoli chogwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lina la kafukufuku sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa aliyense amene amanena kuti sangathe kuimba. Mfundo zophatikiza zimene kafukufuku wa kuchuluka kwa vutoli anagwiritsa ntchito n’zofunika chifukwa mawu osalongosokawa ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Kodi vuto la kamvekedwe ka nyimbo ndi la kayendedwe ka nyimbo n’zofanana?
Sikuti nthawi zonse. Phillips-Silver ndi anzake anafotokoza za munthu amene anali ndi vuto lotsatira kayendedwe ka nyimbo, kusonyeza kuti kuvutika kuyenda mogwirizana ndi kugunda kwa nyimbo sikufanana ndi kulephera kuzindikira kamvekedwe ka nyimbo. Ndemanga ya kafukufuku wokhudza kulumikiza kayendedwe ndi nyimbo imanenanso kuti kuzindikira kayendedwe ka nyimbo ndi kulumikiza kayendedwe ka thupi zili ndi mbali zingapo. Kufooka pa ntchito imodzi sikusonyeza kuti munthu sangathe kuchita chilichonse chokhudza nyimbo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Kodi zaka ndi kugonana zimapereka mwayi woti munthu payekha ali ndi vutoli?
Kafukufuku wa kuchuluka kwa vutoli anapeza kuti chiwerengero cha akazi chinali chokwera pang’ono potsatira mfundo zake, koma zimenezi sizipereka lamulo lodziwira matenda a munthu payekha. Njira yolembetsera anthu ndi kuwagawa m’magulu ndiyo imatsimikizabe chiwerengerocho. Kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chimodzi pa gulu lina la zaka kapena anthu ongoyesa pa intaneti kungafune umboni wowonjezereka. Peretz et al., 2017
Kodi mungadziwe chiyani kuchokera pa mayeso?
Mukhoza kuona mmene munachitira ndi mawu amene anamveka, malamulo oyankhira ndi chipangizo chimene munagwiritsa ntchito. Ngati mumavutika mobwerezabwereza, zingakhale zothandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake moganizira zinthu zina, koma zotsatira za mayeso achidule sizingasiyanitse zifukwa zonse zimene zingachititse zolakwika kapena kutsimikizira kuti vutolo lakhalapo moyo wonse. Montreal Protocol imanena mosapita m’mbali kuti ngakhale mayeso odziwika a nyimbo ndi magawo a njira yowunika. Vuvan et al., 2017
Kudalirika kwa zotsatira n’kosiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa ntchito yeniyeni yoyesera. Kafukufuku wokulirapo wa kuyeza makhalidwe a anthu akusonyeza chifukwa chake zotsatira zopezeka pagulu sizingatsimikizire kuti anthu omwewo adzakhala pa malo omwewo nthawi zonse akayezedwa ndi mayeso achidule. Mfundo imeneyi imathandiza kusamala popereka tanthauzo la zotsatira, popanda kukana zimene munthu akukumana nazo pa vuto la nyimbo. Hedge et al., 2017
Palibe kafukufuku wotchulidwa amene akutsimikizira kuti masewerawa amachiritsa amusia yobadwa nayo kapena kuti pulogalamu yochepa yoyeserera ingathetse vutoli. Chofunika ndi chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa vutoli chofotokozedwa momveka bwino komanso kumvetsa zimene ntchito zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo zimayezera. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a kuzindikira kamvekedwe ka nyimbo
Yesani mayeso a kuzindikira kamvekedwe ka nyimbo kuti mufufuze kusiyanitsa kamvekedwe ndi kubwereza kayendedwe ka nyimbo. Ganizirani zotsatira za ntchito iliyonse payokha. Mayesowa si Montreal Protocol yodziwira matenda, ndipo zotsatira zochepa sizitsimikizira kuti muli ndi amusia yobadwa nayo kapena kuti simumva bwino.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi kuimba moipa kumatanthauza kuti sinditha kuzindikira kamvekedwe ka nyimbo?
Tanthauzo la kafukufuku silisonyeza kuti zinthu zimenezi n’zofanana. Kuimba ndi kuzindikira nyimbo zimafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera. Vuvan et al., 2017
Kodi chiwerengero cholondola ndi 1.5% kapena 4%?
Ziwerengerozi zinachokera ku njira ndi umboni wosiyana. Kafukufuku wamkulu anapeza 1.5% potsatira mfundo zake zophatikiza, ndipo anakambirananso za chiwerengero chakale cha 4%. Peretz et al., 2017
Kodi vuto la kayendedwe ka nyimbo limatsimikizira kuti pali vuto la kuzindikira kamvekedwe?
Ayi. Nkhani ya munthu amene anali ndi vuto lotsatira kayendedwe ka nyimbo ndi kafukufuku wokhudza kulumikiza kayendedwe ndi nyimbo zimasiyanitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za luso la nyimbo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Magwero
- Peretz et al. (2017). Kuchuluka kwa amusia yobadwa nayo.
- Vuvan et al. (2017). Montreal Protocol Yodziwira Amusia.
- Peretz et al. (2002). Amusia Yobadwa Nayo.
- Peretz et al. (2003). Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Matenda a Nyimbo.
- Ayotte et al. (2002). Amusia yobadwa nayo.
- Phillips-Silver et al. (2011). Anabadwa ndi luso lovina koma amavutika kutsatira kugunda kwa nyimbo: Mtundu watsopano wa amusia yobadwa nayo.
- Repp et al. (2013). Kulumikiza kayendedwe ka thupi ndi nyimbo: Ndemanga ya kafukufuku waposachedwapa (2006–2012).
- Hedge et al. (2017). Chododometsa cha kudalirika: Chifukwa chimene ntchito zolimba zoyezera kuganiza sizipereka kusiyana kodalirika pakati pa anthu.