Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Inani | Into elibhekisa kuyo | Umda obalulekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| 1.5% | Ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo obusekelwe ekuphakameni kwenowuthi ngokwemilinganiselo yophononongo | Kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yokuhlola nokuhlela |
| Malunga nama-20,000 abathathi-nxaxheba | Ubungakanani besampulu yokuqala yophononongo olwenziwa kwi-intanethi | Asinguye wonke umthathi-nxaxheba owafakwa kuhlalutyo ngalunye lokugqibela |
| Uqikelelo oludala lwe-4% | Uqikelelo lwangaphambili olusekelwe kuvavanyo olunye, oluxoxwa ngababhali | Ayiloxabiso loxilongo elisebenza kuyo yonke indawo namhlanje |
Iphepha elimalunga nokuxhaphaka lisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi elinganisa ukusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kunye nephepha lemibuzo. Ingongoma yalo ephambili kukuba amanqaku aphantsi kumsebenzi omnye womculo akafanele ngokuzenzekelayo ahlelwe njengobunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo. Ubungakanani besampulu buqikelelwa kuba indlela yokufumana abathathi-nxaxheba, abo bangafakwanga kunye namaqela afakweyo kuhlalutyo oluthile kuyahluka. Peretz et al., 2017
Buthetha ntoni apha ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo?
Uphando luphathelele kubunzima obuthatha ubomi bonke kwezinye iinkalo zokucubungula umculo, obungacaciswa nje kukungeva kakuhle okanye kukusilela kwengqondo ngokubanzi. Ingxelo yokuqala yecala kunye nophononongo lwamaqela luchaza uvavanyo olunzulu, kunokulinganisa ukungawuthandi umculo okanye ukucula ngenowuthi engachanekanga nale meko. Peretz et al., 2002 Ayotte et al., 2002
I-Montreal Battery ivavanya iinkalo eziliqela zomculo. Abayili bayo kunye ne-Montreal Protocol yamva bagxininisa ukuba ezi mvavanyo ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola neyokuvavanya, aziloxilongo oluzimeleyo olwenziwa kwi-intanethi. Umdlalo oqhelekileyo wokuvavanya ukuphakama kwenowuthi awufani ngokuzenzekelayo naloo protocol. Peretz et al., 2003 Vuvan et al., 2017
Kutheni ukuzichaza ngokwakho kunokulahlekisa
Abantu basebenzisa ibinzana elithi ukungakwazi ukwahlula izandi zomculo ngokungekho sikweni xa bethetha ngezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuzithemba, ukucula nokuva umahluko wokuphakama kwenowuthi akuyomilinganiselo enye. Uqikelelo lokuxhaphaka olusekelwe kwinkcazelo ethile yophando alunakusetyenziswa kuye wonke umntu othi akakwazi ukucula. Imilinganiselo edityanisiweyo yophononongo lokuxhaphaka ibalulekile kanye kuba eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokungekho sikweni. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Ngaba ubunzima bokubona ukuphakama kwenowuthi nobesingqi buyafana?
Akusoloko kunjalo. UPhillips-Silver noogxa bakhe bachaza imeko yomntu onobunzima bokuva isingqi, ebonisa ukuba ubunzima bokuhambisana nesingqi abufani nokuphazamiseka kokucubungula ukuphakama kwenowuthi yomculo. Uphononongo lokuvumelanisa nalo luthatha ukubona isingqi nokulungelelanisa intshukumo njengezakhono ezinamacandelo amaninzi. Ubuthathaka kumsebenzi omnye abubonisi ukungakwazi kuzo zonke iinkalo zomculo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Ngaba ubudala nesini bunokunika umntu amathuba akhe obuqu?
Uphononongo lokuxhaphaka lubika umlinganiselo wabasetyhini ophakame kancinane ngokwemilinganiselo yalo, kodwa oko akwenzi mthetho woxilongo lomntu ngamnye. Inkqubo yokufumana abathathi-nxaxheba neyokubahlela isamisela uqikelelo. Ukusebenzisa ipesenti enye kwiqela lobudala elahlukileyo okanye kubantu abenza uvavanyo nje kwi-intanethi kungafuna ubungqina obongezelelekileyo. Peretz et al., 2017
Yintoni onokuyifunda ngokwenene kuvavanyo?
Unokubona indlela oqhuba ngayo kwizandi, kwimigaqo yokuphendula nakwisixhobo osisebenzisayo. Ukuba uqhubeka unobunzima, kunokuba luncedo ukubuqonda kwimeko ebanzi, kodwa iziphumo zovavanyo olufutshane azinakwahlula yonke imithombo yeempazamo okanye ziqinisekise imeko ethatha ubomi bonke. I-Montreal Protocol iyichaza ngokucacileyo nemisebenzi yomculo esele isaziwa njengezigaba zenkqubo yokuhlola. Vuvan et al., 2017
Ukuthembeka komlinganiselo kwahlukile ekubeni umsebenzi wophando wokwenene ukho na. Uphando olubanzi lwemilinganiselo yengqondo lubonisa isizathu sokuba isiphumo esibonakala kwiqela singaqinisekisi ukuba amanqaku amafutshane aza kuhlala ebonisa umgangatho womntu ngamnye ngendlela efanayo. Lo mgaqo uxhasa ukuba silumke, kodwa awubuphikisi ubunzima bomculo umntu abuva ebomini bakhe. Hedge et al., 2017
Akukho phononongo lucatshuliweyo lubonisa ukuba lo mdlalo unyanga ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo okanye ukuba inkqubo emfutshane yokuziqhelanisa iza kubuphelisa. Isigqibo esiluncedo luqikelelo lokuxhaphaka oluchazwe ngononophelo nokuqonda ukuba imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomculo ilinganisa ntoni. Peretz et al., 2017 Vuvan et al., 2017
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lokuva nokwahlula izandi zomculo
Zama uvavanyo lokuva nokwahlula izandi zomculo ukuze uphonononge indlela owahlula ngayo ukuphakama kwenowuthi nendlela ophindaphinda ngayo isingqi. Xa utolika iziphumo, jonga imisebenzi engaphantsi ngokwahlukeneyo. Olu asilovavanyo loxilongo lwe-Montreal, kwaye amanqaku aphantsi awaqinisekisi ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo okanye ukungeva kakuhle.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba ukucula kakubi kuthetha ukuba andikwazi ukwahlula izandi zomculo?
Inkcazelo yophando ayithethi ukuba ezi zinto ziyafana. Ukucula nokuva umculo kufuna iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. Vuvan et al., 2017
Leliphi inani elichanekileyo, i-1.5% okanye i-4%?
La manani asekelwe kwiindlela nakubungqina obahlukeneyo. Uphononongo olukhulu lubika i-1.5% ngokwemilinganiselo yalo edityanisiweyo, kwaye luxoxa ngoqikelelo oludala lwe-4%. Peretz et al., 2017
Ngaba isingqi esibi singqina ukuba andiboni kakuhle ukuphakama kwenowuthi?
Hayi. Imeko yomntu onobunzima bokuva isingqi kunye nophando lokuvumelanisa zahlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo okwenza umculo. Phillips-Silver et al., 2011 Repp et al., 2013
Imithombo
- Peretz et al. (2017). Ukuxhaphaka kobunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo.
- Vuvan et al. (2017). Indlela ye-Montreal yokuchonga ubunzima bokucubungula umculo.
- Peretz et al. (2002). Ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo.
- Peretz et al. (2003). Iindidi zokuphazamiseka komculo.
- Ayotte et al. (2002). Ubunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo.
- Phillips-Silver et al. (2011). Bazalelwe ukudanisa kodwa banobunzima bokuva isingqi: Uhlobo olutsha lobunzima bemvelo bokucubungula umculo.
- Repp et al. (2013). Ukuvumelanisa izivamvo nentshukumo: Uphononongo lophando lwakutshanje (2006–2012).
- Hedge et al. (2017). Indida yokuthembeka: Kutheni imisebenzi yokuqonda ethembekileyo ingavelisi umahluko othembekileyo phakathi kwabantu.