Ikizamini cyo kutabona amashusho mu bwenge

Q: Iri ni ikizamini cya VVIQ?

Oya. VVIQ ni ibibazo bikoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi. Iri suzuma ni ibibazo byacu bwite, bigufi, byateguriwe iyi paji, bityo amanota yaryo akurikiza igipimo cyihariye.

Humiriza maze utekereze pome. Urayibona mu bwenge cyangwa uzi gusa uko isa? Iri ni isuzuma ry’iminota 2 ryerekana uko ubona amashusho mu bwenge. Ni ubuntu, nta kwiyandikisha.

Byanditswe n'itsinda rya HelibrainByasuzumwe na Robert(Icyongereza), umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye na fiziki y'ibinyabuzimaByasohotse ku wa 2026 Ugushyingo 4Byasuzumwe bwa nyuma ku wa 2026 Ugushyingo 4

Kutabona amashusho mu bwenge ni iki?

Kutabona amashusho mu bwenge bivuga kutagira amashusho ubona mu bitekerezo. Abantu bafite iki kibazo bashobora gutekereza pome no kumenya uko isa, ariko ntibayibone mu bwenge iyo bayitekerejeho. Iri jambo ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu 2015 [1]. Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bantu bakuru bagera ku 1,000, hafi umuntu 1 kuri 25 yavuze ko abona amashusho make cyane cyangwa atayabona na gato [2]. Si indwara.

Amakuru y’ingenzi

Iri suzuma ripima iki: uko uvuga ko amashusho utekereza agaragara neza, kuva kuri 1 (nta shusho) kugeza kuri 5 (agaragara neza nk’ayo ureba), hiyongereyeho amajwi, impumuro, uburyohe no gukorakora.
Si VVIQ: ibibazo by’ubushakashatsi bikoreshwa cyane ni Ikibazo kijyanye n’Uburyo Amashusho agaragara neza mu Bwenge (VVIQ) [3]. Iri suzuma rikoresha ibibazo byacu bwite, bityo amanota yaryo ntagereranywa mu buryo butaziguye n’aya VVIQ.
Uko bikunze kuboneka: kuri VVIQ, hafi 3.9% by’abantu bakuru bavuze ko amashusho yabo yo mu bwenge agaragara make cyane cyangwa ataboneka, naho hafi 0.8% bavuze ko batayabona na gato [2].
Ku rundi ruhande: hafi 6% bavuga ko amashusho yo mu bwenge agaragara neza cyane, rimwe na rimwe bikitwa kubona amashusho akabije mu bwenge; hafi 90% bari hagati [8].
Si isuzuma ry’indwara: kutabona amashusho mu bwenge ni uburyo umuntu abona ibintu mu bitekerezo, si indwara, kandi nta kibazo kigufi cyabihamya.

Uko iri suzuma rikorwa

Tekereza. Uhabwa ibintu bisanzwe 10 byo gutekereza, kimwekimwe, hanyuma ugahabwa 4 byo gutekerezaho ukoresheje ibindi byumviro.
Tanga amanota. Kuri buri kintu, hitamo uko cyagaragaye neza, kuva kuri "Nta na kimwe" kugeza kuri "Kigaragara neza nk’ikintu nyakuri". Ushobora gufunga amaso niba bigufasha.
Reba amanota yawe. Amanota yawe y’amashusho yo mu bwenge ni impuzandengo y’ibintu wasabwe gutekereza, kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 5. Amanota y’ibindi byumviro agaragazwa ukwabyo.

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri cyangwa kitaricyo, kandi nta gihe ntarengwa.

Uko wasobanukirwa n’ibisubizo

Nta mashusho na rimwe: kuri buri kintu wasabwe gutekereza wahisemo "Nta na kimwe". Uko ni ko abantu batabona amashusho mu bwenge bakunze kwisobanura [1].
Amashusho adasobanutse (impuzandengo ya 2 cyangwa munsi yayo): amashusho menshi ntiyasobanutse neza cyangwa ntiyagaragaye. Mu bushakashatsi bukoresha VVIQ, ibisubizo nk’ibi bikunze gushyirwa mu byerekana kutabona amashusho mu bwenge [2].
Hagati: amashusho agaragara mu buryo buciriritse cyangwa neza. Kuri VVIQ, abantu bagera kuri 9 kuri 10 basubiza batyo [8].
Amashusho agaragara neza cyane (impuzandengo ya 4,7 cyangwa hejuru yayo): hafi ya byose byagaragaye neza nk’ibyo ureba. Ubushakashatsi bwita ibi kubona amashusho akabije mu bwenge [4] [8].

Ibi byiciro bikurikiza uko abashakashatsi bashyira hamwe ibisubizo bya VVIQ, ariko ibibazo byacu biratandukanye. Bityo, fata icyiciro nk’ubusobanuro bw’ibisubizo watanze, aho kukibona nk’igipimo.

Ibyo ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje

Byagaragaye kera cyane. Mu 1880, Francis Galton yasabye abantu gutekereza ameza yabo ya mu gitondo, bamwe bavuga ko batabonaga na kimwe [5].
Izina ni rishya. Mu 2015, itsinda ry’abashakashatsi bo muri Exeter ryasobanuye abantu 21 batabonaga amashusho mu bwenge cyangwa bayabonaga make cyane, ribyita kutabona amashusho mu bwenge [1]. Kuva icyo gihe, abantu bagera ku 2,000 biyibonyeho basubije ibibazo by’iryo tsinda [4].
Birashobora gupimwa hadakoreshejwe amagambo. Mu igerageza rireba uko amaso yombi ahangana, gutekereza ishusho mbere bihindura icyo abantu babona nyuma, ariko ibi bibaho ku bantu benshi gusa, ntibibaho ku batabona amashusho mu bwenge [6].
Akenshi bigendana n’ibindi byumviro. Mu bushakashatsi bunini, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abantu batabona amashusho mu bwenge bavuze ko batagira amashusho ajyanye n’icyumviro icyo ari cyo cyose; abandi bashoboraga gutekereza amajwi, impumuro, uburyohe cyangwa gukorakora [4] [7].
Kwibuka bikora mu buryo butandukanye. Abantu batabona amashusho mu bwenge bakunze kuvuga ko bibuka nabi ibyababayeho n’amasura, ariko benshi bakomeza kurota babona amashusho [4] [7].

Iri suzuma rishobora kukubwira n’ibyo ridashobora kukubwira

Iri ni isuzuma rigufi rishingiye ku bisubizo byawe: rigaragaza uko usobanura ibitekerezo byawe uyu munsi, uko ubyumva. Abantu ntibasobanura kimwe ijambo "kugaragara neza", bityo abantu babiri bahura n’ibintu kimwe mu bwenge bashobora kugira amanota atandukanye. Ntirisuzuma indwara iyo ari yo yose, kandi amanota make cyangwa menshi si ikibazo. Niba ushaka kubimenya kurushaho, hari amatsinda y’ubushakashatsi rimwe na rimwe akora ubushakashatsi ku mashusho yo mu bwenge ushobora kwitabira.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Namenya nte niba ntabona amashusho mu bwenge?

Gerageza gutekereza ikintu umenyereye, nk’isura y’inshuti cyangwa umuryango w’inzu yawe. Niba uzi uko gisa ariko ntacyo ubona mu bwenge, ushobora kuba utabona amashusho mu bwenge. Abashakashatsi bakunze kubisuzuma bakoresheje ibibazo bya VVIQ [3], kandi bamwe bakoresha n’igerageza ridashingiye ku magambo [6]. Iri suzuma ritanga igitekerezo cya mbere cyihuse, si isuzuma ry’indwara.

Kutabona amashusho mu bwenge bikunze kugaragara ku rugero rungana iki?

Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bantu bakuru bagera ku 1,000, hafi 3.9% bavuze ko amashusho yabo yo mu bwenge agaragara make cyane cyangwa ataboneka, naho hafi 0.8% bavuze ko batayabona na gato [2]. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekana imibare mito imeze nk’iyo, bitewe n’aho bashyira umupaka.

Kutabona amashusho mu bwenge ni indwara?

Oya. Kutabona amashusho mu bwenge ni itandukaniro mu buryo abantu batekereza amashusho, si indwara. Abantu benshi bamaze igihe kirekire batabona amashusho mu bwenge babaho ubuzima busanzwe, kandi benshi bamenya bakuze ko abandi bantu babona amashusho koko mu bitekerezo [1] [4]. Rimwe na rimwe, umuntu ashobora gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kubona amashusho mu bwenge nyuma yo gukomereka mu mutwe cyangwa kurwara; niba ubu bushobozi bwawe bwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye, ganira na muganga.

Umuntu ashobora kutabona amashusho ajyanye n’ibindi byumviro?

Yego. Mu bushakashatsi bunini, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abantu batabona amashusho mu bwenge bavuze ko badashobora no gutekereza amajwi, impumuro, uburyohe cyangwa gukorakora, mu gihe abandi bashoboraga kubitekereza [4]. Ni yo mpamvu iri suzuma ribaza no ku bindi byumviro.

Iri ni ikizamini cya VVIQ?

Oya. VVIQ ni ibibazo bikoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi [3]. Iri suzuma ni ibibazo byacu bwite, bigufi, byateguriwe iyi paji, bityo amanota yaryo akurikiza igipimo cyihariye.