Chichewa
Mayeso a kudziwa mawu: njira
Mayeso a kukula kwa mawu a inde/ayi (mndandanda woyang’ana) okhala ndi mawu enieni ogawidwa potengera kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mawu ongopangidwa; mu Chingelezi: mtundu wosinthika wa magawo awiri
Mtundu wa pulogalamu yowerengera zotsatira: Chingelezi: njira en-adaptive-1, mndandanda en-1; zilankhulo zina: mndandanda <lang>-1 wokhala ndi mtundu 1 wa pulogalamu yowerengera zotsatira yopezeka kwa anthu onse
← Bwererani ku mayesoZimene amayezera
Kukula kwa mawu amene munthu amazindikira ndi kumvetsa akamva kapena kuwaona, owerengedwa ngati mawu oyambira, potengera zimene munthuyo akunena za iye mwini ndi kukonza zolakwika zosankha mawu ongopangidwa. Sikuyesa kudziwa matanthauzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu polankhula kapena kulemba, kapena luso la chinenero.
Mmene amachitira
Chingelezi (njira en-adaptive-1, mndandanda en-1): gawo 1 ndi gulu la zinthu 40: mawu 5 osankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera pagulu lililonse mwa magulu 7 a kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphatikiza mawu 5 ongopangidwa, zonse zosakanizidwa; wosewera amasankha mawu amene akuwadziwa (‘angathe kufotokoza tanthauzo limodzi kapena angapo’). Gawo 2 ndi gulu la zinthu zatsopano 60: mawu 4 atsopano pagulu lililonse, mawu ena owonjezera 25 oyikidwa mozungulira gulu limene gawo 1 linapeza kuti gawo la mawu odziwika mutakonza zotsatira lili pafupi kwambiri ndi 50% (kulemera kwake kumachepa ndi theka pagulu lililonse lakutali), komanso mawu 7 atsopano ongopangidwa. Palibe mawu obwerezedwa. Palibe malire a nthawi; zosankha zingasinthidwe musanapereke gawo lililonse. Mafunso osankha pambuyo pa zotsatira: gulu la zaka, ngati ndinu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira muli mwana kapena mukuchiphunzira, zaka zimene mwachiphunzira, komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwerenga. Chijeremani, Chisipanishi, Chifalansa, Chitaliyana, Chipolishi, Chipwitikizi ndi Chirasha (mindandanda *-1): mawu amodzi panthawi, mawu 10 osankhidwa mwachisawawa pagulu lililonse mwa magulu 6 a kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito (mawu enieni 60) kuphatikiza mawu 30 ongopangidwa, zonse zosakanizidwa (zinthu 90); wosewera amayankha kuti ‘Ndikudziwa’ kapena ‘Ndi lopangidwa’. Poyamba pali mawu enieni 2 ndi mawu ongopangidwa 2 oti ayesere, limodzi ndi mayankho ofotokoza (zitha kudumpha). Palibe malire a nthawi; kuchoka pa tabu sikumaliza mayesowo.
Miyezo ya makonzedwe
| Muyeso | Mtengo |
|---|---|
| Magulu a Chingelezi (malo potsatira kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Kukula kwa magulu a Chingelezi (mawu oyambira oyerekezera) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (onse pamodzi 51,508) |
| Zinthu za Chingelezi | 40 (gawo 1) + 60 (gawo 2) = 100: mawu enieni 88, mawu ongopangidwa 12 |
| Zilankhulo zina: zinthu | Mawu enieni 60 (10 pagulu lililonse, magulu 6) + mawu ongopangidwa 30 |
| Zilankhulo zina: kukula kwa mindandanda (mawu oyambira oyerekezera) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Kuzunguliza chiwerengero choyerekezera | kufika pa 100 yapafupi kwambiri |
| Malire a chiwerengero | 90% |
| Zotsatira zosadalirika bwino | Chingelezi: kuchuluka kwa kusankha molakwika ndi 0.25 kapena kupitirira; zilankhulo zina: kupitirira 0.30 |
| Yankho lofulumira (limawerengedwa poyesa khalidwe la zotsatira, zilankhulo zina) | osakwana 250 ms |
Kuwerengera zotsatira
Pa gulu lililonse b: h = gawo la mawu enieni a gululo amene asankhidwa kukhala odziwika (mu Chingelezi: mawu a step-2 okha, kuti kusankha kosinthika kusasokoneze kuyerekezera); f = gawo la mawu ongopangidwa amene asankhidwa kukhala odziwika (mu Chingelezi: mawu onse 12 ochokera m’magawo onse awiri). Gawo la mawu odziwika p = (h − f) / (1 − f), limasungidwa pakati pa 0 ndi 1 (limakhala 0 ngati f = 1). Chiwerengero choyerekezera = chiwerengero cha kukula kwa gulu lililonse chochulukitsidwa ndi p, chozunguliridwa kufika pa 100 yapafupi kwambiri ndipo chosapitirira kukula kwa mndandanda; chiwerengero chapamwamba chimatanthauza kuti mumadziwa mawu ambiri. Malire, Chingelezi: pakati pa 90% ya zitsanzo 4,000 zoyerekezera (pogwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe a Jeffreys Beta a mlingo wopeza mawu odziwika pa gulu lililonse, chiwerengero chimodzi cha Beta chogawana pa mlingo wosankha molakwika, ndiponso kusatsimikizika kwa Beta pa kukula kwa gulu lililonse kuchokera pa kufufuza koyambirira kwa mawu 70 amene angasankhidwe), okulitsidwa kuti aphatikize chiwerengero choyerekezera; ngati f = 1, malirewo amaphatikiza mndandanda wonse. Malire, zilankhulo zina: kuchotsa ndi kuwonjezera 1.645 kuchulukitsa ndi zolakwika zowerengera za binomial zophatikizidwa pa magulu onse. Zilankhulo zina zimapezanso kulondola kwa mtundu wa LexTALE = avareji ya peresenti ya mawu enieni ovomerezedwa ndi peresenti ya mawu ongopangidwa akanidwa. Ma percentile a Chingelezi: gawo la osewera oyenerera amene chiwerengero chawo chili pansi kwambiri pa chanu (njira ndi mndandanda wapano, zotsatira zodalirika, zosayembekezeka kukhala za makina, kuyesa koyamba koyenerera kwa wosewera aliyense); amaonetsedwa kokha pamene gulu lili ndi anthu osachepera 100, apo ayi manambala a kafukufuku wofalitsidwa amaonetsedwa ngati chitsanzo.
Malamulo ovomerezera mayeso ochitidwa
Seva imamanganso zinthu za mayeso pogwiritsa ntchito nambala yoyambira ya mayesowo (sichionetsa patsambalo kuti ndi zinthu ziti zenizeni, kupatula pa zoyeserera). Chinthu chilichonse chiyenera kuyankhidwa; mtundu wa Chingelezi wa magawo awiri umafuna mayankho enieni 40 ndi 60 ndipo sungasakanizidwe ndi mtundu wa gawo limodzi. Zotsatira zimene mawu ongopangidwa ambiri asankhidwa kukhala odziwika zimaikidwa chizindikiro chosonyeza kuti sizodalirika bwino, ndipo sizipatsidwa percentile. Seva imamanga mayeso onse kuchokera pa mbiri yaiwisi ya mayankho (ndi nambala yoyambira ngati ilipo) ndikuwerengera yokha zotsatira; chilichonse chimene tsamba linena kuti n’chabwino kapena cholakwika sichiganiziridwa. Mbiri yosatsatira malamulo a masewerawa imakanidwa ndipo palibe chimene chimasungidwa. Mayeso osungidwa angakhale ndi zizindikiro za khalidwe zimene sizionetsedwa ndipo sizilepheretsa kupeza zotsatira: mayeso 10 kapena kupitirira kuchokera ku adilesi imodzi ya IP, kusowa kwa chizindikiritso cha mlendo, kusintha ma tabu, ndi zizindikiro za kugwiritsa ntchito makina (msakatuli woyendetsedwa ndi makina, liwiro losatheka, kusowa kwa zochitika zolowetsa, kapena nthawi yoyankhira yofanana ngati ya makina).
Kusiyana ndi ntchito yakale yoyambirira
Mayeso a inde/ayi okhala ndi mawu ongopangidwa anayamba ndi Meara ndi Buxton (1987). LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) ndi mayeso okhazikika a zinthu 60 okhala ndi chiwerengero cha peresenti chotsimikiziridwa; Brysbaert et al. (2016) anayerekezera kukula kwa mawu pogwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu kwambiri ya pa intaneti yokhudza kudziwa mawu, dikishonale yosiyana ndi mfundo yofewa kwambiri yoti munthu amadziwa mawu. Njira yoyerekezera imeneyi, mindandanda yake ndi kapangidwe kake ka magawo awiri ndi zatsopano ndipo sizinayesedwe paokha kuti zitsimikizidwe. Choyezedwa ndi mawu oyambira olembedwa osiyana, osati mabanja a mawu monga mu Mayeso a Kukula kwa Mawu a Nation.
Zimene mayesowa sangathe kuyeza
Kudzifotokozera wekha: anthu amasiyana pa mmene amasankhira mosavuta mawu kukhala odziwika, ndipo mawu ongopangidwa amangokonza vutoli pang’ono. Kukula kwa magulu kumachokera ku zitsanzo zowunikidwa, osati kuwerenga dikishonale yonse. Mindandanda ndi kukula kwa magulu zimasiyana pakati pa zilankhulo, choncho ziwerengero zoyerekezera sizingafanane pakati pa zilankhulo. Zokonda pa nkhani zinazake ndi kuzolowera mbali za mawu zimasintha zotsatira. Kukumbukira mawu kuchokera ku mayeso am’mbuyomu kumasintha zotsatira za pambuyo pake. Mayesowa sayeza luntha, kulankhula bwino kapena thanzi. Osewera oyerekezera nawo ndi alendo a patsambali, osati miyezo ya anthu onse.
Zinenero ndi mmene zawunikidwira
Chingelezi (magawo awiri) kuphatikiza Chijeremani, Chisipanishi, Chifalansa, Chitaliyana, Chipolishi, Chipwitikizi ndi Chirasha (gawo limodzi); zilankhulo zina za patsambali zimasonyeza mayeso a Chingelezi. Mawu enieni: mawu oyambira a Wiktionary (kudzera ku kaikki.org) oikidwa motsatira kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ka mawu (wordfreq 3.1.1), ndi zitsanzo za gulu lililonse zowunikidwa pamanja; agawidwa pansi pa CC BY-SA 4.0 monga chilolezo chikufunira. Mawu ongopangidwa anapangidwa pa mndandanda uliwonse motsatira mmene zilembo zake zimapangidwira ndipo anawunikidwa pamanja.
Mmene malangizo awunikidwira malinga ndi chinenero
Zinenero za malangizo zimene zasindikizidwa zalembedwa pansipa. Njira yomasulira: kumasulira mothandizidwa ndi makina, limodzi ndi kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu. Zofunika za chinenero chilichonse zafotokozedwa pamwambapa; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso.
| Chinenero cha malangizo | Mmene zawunikidwira monga zalembedwera |
|---|---|
| English | Mawu oyambirira a Chingelezi. |
| Deutsch | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Español | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Français | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Italiano | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Polski | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Português | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
| Русский | Kufufuza zokha kalembedwe ka malamulo ndi mawu; palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu wolankhula chinenerocho kuyambira ali mwana wazunikanso. |
Mmene mungatchulire gwero
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Zosintha
· Mtundu en-adaptive-1 · Kusindikiza koyamba kwa njira za ntchito yomwe ilipo panopa.
Magwero
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Mawu ofotokoza njira: CC BY 4.0. Tchulani Helibrain ndipo muike ulalo wa njira imeneyi. Magwero a deta ndi zinthu za ntchito zili ndi zilolezo zawozawo; chilolezochi chikukhudza mawu ofotokoza njira okha.
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