Hausa
Gwajin ƙamus: hanya
Gwajin girman ƙamus na amsa eh/a'a (jerin bincike), mai amfani da kalmomi na gaske da kalmomin ƙirƙirarru da aka kasa bisa yawan amfani; a Turanci: sigar matakai biyu mai daidaitawa
Sigar tsarin tantance maki: Turanci: hanya en-adaptive-1, jeri en-1; sauran harsuna: jeri <lang>-1 tare da sigar tsarin tantance maki ta jama'a 1
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Girman ƙamus na karɓa (ganewa) a matakin lemmas, bisa rahoton kai da aka gyara don cire amsoshin ƙarya ga kalmomin ƙirƙirarru. Ba sanin ma'anoni, iya samar da magana ko ƙwarewar harshe yake aunawa ba.
Tsarin gudanarwa
Turanci (hanya en-adaptive-1, jeri en-1): mataki na 1 tebur ne mai abubuwa 40: kalmomi 5 da aka zaɓa bazuwar daga kowane ɗaya daga cikin rukunonin yawan amfani 7, tare da kalmomin ƙirƙirarru 5, a gauraye; mai gwaji yana yi wa kalmomin da ya sani alama ('zai iya bayyana aƙalla ma'ana ɗaya'). Mataki na 2 tebur ne mai sabbin abubuwa 60: sabbin kalmomi 4 ga kowane rukuni, ƙarin kalmomi 25 da aka sanya kusa da rukunin da kaso na kalmomin da aka sani bayan gyara a mataki na 1 ya fi kusa da 50% (nauyin kowane rukuni yana raguwa da rabi yayin da nisan rukuni ɗaya ke ƙaruwa), da sabbin kalmomin ƙirƙirarru 7. Ba a maimaita kalma. Ba a kayyade lokaci; ana iya sauya alamomi kafin a aika amsoshin kowane mataki. Tambayoyi na zaɓi bayan sakamako: rukunin shekaru, mai magana da harshen tun asali ko mai koyo, shekarun koyo, yawan karatu. Jamusanci, Sifaniyanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal da Rashanci (jerin *-1): kalma ɗaya a lokaci guda, kalmomi 10 da aka zaɓa bazuwar daga kowane ɗaya daga cikin rukunonin yawan amfani 6 (kalmomi na gaske 60) tare da kalmomin ƙirƙirarru 30, a gauraye (abubuwa 90); mai gwaji yana amsa 'Na san ta' ko 'An ƙirƙire ta'. Ana fara da kalmomin atisaye na gaske 2 da kalmomin atisaye na ƙirƙirarru 2 tare da bayani (ana iya tsallake su). Ba a kayyade lokaci; barin shafin ba ya kawo ƙarshen gwajin.
Ma'aunai
| Ma'auni | Ƙima |
|---|---|
| Rukunonin Turanci (matsayi bisa yawan amfani) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Girman rukunonin Turanci (lemmas da aka ƙiyasta) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (jimilla 51,508) |
| Abubuwan Turanci | 40 (mataki na 1) + 60 (mataki na 2) = 100: kalmomi na gaske 88, kalmomi ƙirƙirarru 12 |
| Sauran harsuna: abubuwa | Kalmomi na gaske 60 (10 ga kowane rukuni, rukunoni 6) + kalmomi ƙirƙirarru 30 |
| Sauran harsuna: girman jeri (lemmas da aka ƙiyasta) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Zagayawar ƙiyasta | zuwa 100 mafi kusa |
| Tazara | 90% |
| Sakamako marar tabbas | Turanci: adadin amsoshin ƙarya 0.25 ko fiye; sauran harsuna: sama da 0.30 |
| Amsa mai sauri (ƙididdigar inganci, sauran harsuna) | ƙasa da 250 ms |
Ba da maki
Ga kowane rukuni b: h = kaso na ainihin kalmomin rukunin da aka yi wa alamar sani (Turanci: kalmomin step-2 kawai, don zaɓin daidaitawa kada ya karkatar da ƙiyastawa); f = kaso na kalmomin ƙirƙirarru da aka yi wa alamar sani (Turanci: dukkan 12 daga matakai biyu). Kason da aka sani p = (h − f) / (1 − f), ana tsare shi tsakanin 0 da 1 (0 idan f = 1). Ƙiyastawa = jimillar girman rukuni x p a dukkan rukunoni, a zagaye zuwa 100 kuma a takaita da girman jerin; mafi girma na nufin ƙamus ya fi girma. Tazara, Turanci: tsakiyar 90% na kwaikwayon ƙidaya 4,000 (rarrabawar Beta ta Jeffreys ga yawan amsoshin da suka dace na kowane rukuni, zana rarrabawar Beta guda ɗaya don yawan amsoshin ƙarya, da rashin tabbas na Beta ga girman kowane rukuni bisa nazarin asali na 'yan takara 70), an faɗaɗa don ta ƙunshi ƙiyastawar; idan f = 1 tazarar ta ƙunshi dukan jerin. Tazara, sauran harsuna: ƙari ko ragi daidaitattun kurakuran binomial 1.645 da aka tara a dukkan rukunoni. Sauran harsuna kuma suna samun daidaiton salon LexTALE = matsakaicin kaso na kalmomi na gaske da aka karɓa da kaso na kalmomin ƙirƙirarru da aka ƙi. Matsayi bisa kaso dari na Turanci: kaso na ’yan gwajin da suka cancanta waɗanda ƙiyastawarsu ta yi ƙasa da sakamakon, ba tare da haɗa daidai ba (hanya da jeri na yanzu, sakamako mai inganci, ba a zaton na’ura ce ta sarrafa, gwaji na farko da ya cancanta ga kowane ɗan wasa), ana nuna shi ne kawai ga rukuni masu aƙalla 100; in ba haka ba ana nuna alkaluman binciken da aka wallafa a matsayin mahallin bayani.
Ka'idojin ingancin zagaye
Uwar garken tana sake gina abubuwan gwajin daga iri na zaman gwajin (ba a nuna wa shafin waɗanne abubuwa na gaske ba, sai a lokacin atisaye). Dole ne a amsa kowane abu; tsarin Turanci mai matakai biyu yana buƙatar amsoshi 40 da 60 daidai, kuma ba za a iya gauraya shi da tsarin mataki ɗaya ba. Ana yi wa sakamakon da aka yi wa alamar sanin kalmomin ƙirƙirarru da yawa alamar rashin tabbas, kuma ba a ba shi matsayi bisa kaso dari. Uwar garken tana sake gina kowane gwaji daga bayanan asali (da irin gwajin idan akwai) kuma ita ce ke ƙididdige maki; duk wani bayani a shafin kan abin da ya dace ko bai dace ba ba a la'akari da shi. Ana ƙin bayanan da suka saɓa wa ƙa'idojin wasan, kuma ba a adana komai. Zaman gwaji da aka adana na iya ɗauke da alamomin inganci da ba a taɓa nunawa kuma ba sa hana sakamako: zaman gwaji 10 ko fiye daga adireshin IP guda, rashin lambar tantance baƙo, sauya shafuka, da alamun sarrafa kansa (mai binciken yanar gizo na atomatik, sauri marar yiwuwa, babu abubuwan shigarwa, tazarar lokaci mai kama da ta na'ura).
Bambance-bambance da gwajin gargajiya
Gwaje-gwajen eh/a'a masu kalmomin ƙirƙirarru sun samo asali tun Meara da Buxton (1987). LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) gwaji ne mai tsayayyun abubuwa 60, mai makin kaso da aka tantance; Brysbaert et al. (2016) sun ƙiyasta girman ƙamus daga babban tarin bayanan yanar gizo kan sanin kalmomi, ta amfani da ƙamus na daban da sassaucin fahimtar sanin kalma. Wannan hanyar ƙiyastawa, jerin kalmominta da tsarin matakai biyu sababbi ne, kuma ba a tantance su da kansu ba. Ma'aunin shi ne lemmas rubutattu na dabam, ba iyalan kalmomi kamar yadda ake amfani da su a Gwajin Girman Ƙamus na Nation ba.
Iyakoki
Rahoton kai: mutane sun bambanta wajen sauƙin yi wa kalma alamar sani, kuma kalmomin ƙirƙirarru suna gyara wannan ne kawai a wani ɓangare. Girman rukunoni ya samo asali ne daga samfurori da aka duba, ba cikakken ƙidayar ƙamus ba. Jerin kalmomi da girman rukunoni sun bambanta tsakanin harsuna, don haka ba za a iya kwatanta ƙiyastawa tsakanin harsuna ba. Sha'awar fannonin musamman da sanin sassan kalmomi suna sauya sakamako. Tuna kalmomi daga gwajin baya yana sauya sakamakon gwaje-gwaje na gaba. Gwajin ba ya auna hankali, iya magana sosai ko lafiya. ’Yan wasan kwatance ba ƙa'idar jama'a ba ne, baƙi ne na shafin.
Harsuna da matsayin bita
Turanci (matakai biyu) tare da Jamusanci, Sifaniyanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal da Rashanci (mataki ɗaya); sauran harsunan shafin suna nuna gwajin Turanci. Kalmomi na gaske: lemmas na Wiktionary (ta hanyar kaikki.org) da aka jera bisa yawan amfani da kalma (wordfreq 3.1.1), tare da samfurin kowane rukuni da aka duba da hannu; an raba su ƙarƙashin lasisin CC BY-SA 4.0 kamar yadda lasisin ya buƙata. An ƙirƙiri kalmomin ƙirƙirarru ga kowane jeri bisa tsarin haruffansa sannan aka duba su da hannu.
Matsayin bita bisa harshen umarni
An jera harsunan umarnin da aka wallafa a ƙasa. Hanyar fassara: fassara da taimakon na'ura tare da binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik. An bayyana kayan aiki na musamman ga kowane harshe a sama; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali a nan ba.
| Harshen umarni | Matsayin bitar da aka rubuta |
|---|---|
| English | Asalin rubutu da Turanci. |
| Deutsch | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Español | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Français | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Italiano | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Polski | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Português | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
| Русский | Binciken rubutun kwamfuta da nahawu ta atomatik; ba a rubuta bita daga mai magana da harshen tun asali ba. |
Yadda za a kawo a matsayin tushe
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Tarihin sauye-sauye
· Sigar en-adaptive-1 · Wallafar farko ta hanyoyin aiki don gwajin da ake fitarwa a yanzu.
Manazarta
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Rubutun hanyoyin aiki: CC BY 4.0. A bayyana cewa Helibrain ne kuma a saka hanyar haɗi zuwa wannan hanya. Rukunan bayanai na asali da kayan gwaji suna da nasu lasisi; wannan lasisin ya shafi rubutun hanyoyin aiki.
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