Ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwamagama: indlela
Ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwamagama ngosayizi wezinhlobo ezithi yebo/cha (uhlu lokuhlola), kusetshenziswa amagama angempela ahlelwe ngamabhendi okuvama kanye namagama-mbumbulu; isiNgisi: inguqulo eguquguqukayo enezigaba ezimbili
Inguqulo yohlelo lokunikeza amaphuzu: IsiNgisi: indlela en-adaptive-1, uhlu en-1; ezinye izilimi: uhlu <lang>-1 olunenguqulo yomphakathi yohlelo lokunikeza amaphuzu 1
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Usayizi wolwazi lwamagama olwamukelayo (lokubona) ngama-lemma, ozibikayo futhi olungiswe ngokususelwa ekwamukeleni ngephutha amagama-mbumbulu. Akukali ulwazi lwezincazelo, ukukhiqiza amagama noma ikhono lolimi.
Inqubo
IsiNgisi (indlela en-adaptive-1, uhlu en-1): isinyathelo 1 yigridi enezinto ezingu-40: amagama angu-5 akhethwe ngokungahleliwe ebhendini ngayinye kwamabhendi okuvama angu-7 kanye namagama-mbumbulu angu-5, kuxutshwe; umdlali uthikha amagama awaziyo ('angachaza okungenani incazelo eyodwa'). Isinyathelo 2 yigridi enezinto ezintsha ezingu-60: amagama amasha angu-4 ebhendini ngayinye, amagama engeziwe angu-25 abekwe eduze nebhendi lapho isabelo esilungisiwe samagama aziwayo esinyathelweni 1 sisondela kakhulu ku-50% (isisindo sehla ngesigamu ngebhendi ngayinye ekude), kanye namagama-mbumbulu amasha angu-7. Alikho igama eliphindwayo. Akunamkhawulo wesikhathi; amathikhi angashintshwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwesinyathelo ngasinye. Imibuzo yokuzikhethela ngemva komphumela: iqembu leminyaka, ukukhuluma njengolimi lwendabuko noma ukufunda njengolufundayo, iminyaka yokufunda, ukuvama kokufunda. IsiJalimane, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiPolish, isiPutukezi nesiRashiya (izinhlu *-1): igama elilodwa ngesikhathi, amagama angu-10 akhethwe ngokungahleliwe ebhendini ngayinye kwamabhendi okuvama angu-6 (amagama angempela angu-60) kanye namagama-mbumbulu angu-30, kuxutshwe (izinto ezingu-90); umdlali uphendula ngokuthi 'Ngiyalazi' noma 'Liqanjiwe'. Amagama angempela angu-2 okuprakthiza namagama-mbumbulu angu-2 okuprakthiza anempendulo kuqala (kungakweqiwa). Akunamkhawulo wesikhathi; ukuphuma kuthebhu akuwuqedi umzamo.
Imingcele
| Ipharamitha | Inani |
|---|---|
| Amabhendi esiNgisi (izikhundla zokuvama) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Osayizi bamabhendi esiNgisi (ama-lemma alinganisiwe) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (isamba 51,508) |
| Izinto zesiNgisi | 40 (isinyathelo 1) + 60 (isinyathelo 2) = 100: amagama angempela angu-88, amagama-mbumbulu angu-12 |
| Ezinye izilimi: izinto | Amagama angempela angu-60 (angu-10 ebhendini ngayinye, amabhendi angu-6) + amagama-mbumbulu angu-30 |
| Ezinye izilimi: osayizi bezinhlu (ama-lemma alinganisiwe) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Ukusondeza isilinganiso | enani eliseduze ngo-100 |
| Ibanga | 90% |
| Umphumela ongathembekile | IsiNgisi: izinga lokwamukela ngephutha lingu-0.25 noma ngaphezulu; ezinye izilimi: lingaphezu kuka-0.30 |
| Impendulo esheshayo (isibalo sekhwalithi, ezinye izilimi) | ngaphansi kuka-250 ms |
Ukunikeza amaphuzu
Ebhendini ngayinye b: h = isabelo samagama angempela alelo bhendi amakwe njengaziwayo (esiNgisini: amagama angu-step-2 kuphela, ukuze ukukhetha okuvumelanayo kungachemi isilinganiso); f = isabelo samagama-mbumbulu amakwe njengaziwayo (esiNgisini: wonke angu-12 kuzo zombili izinyathelo). Isabelo esaziwayo p = (h − f) / (1 − f), sigcinwa phakathi kuka-0 no-1 (siba ngu-0 uma f = 1). Isilinganiso = isamba sosayizi webhendi ngayinye x p, esisondezwe ku-100 futhi singedluli kusayizi wohlu; inani eliphakeme lisho ulwazimagama olukhulu. Ibanga, isiNgisi: u-90% omaphakathi wezilinganiso ezilingisiwe ezingu-4,000 (ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Beta ka-Jeffreys kwezinga lokuthola igama ebhendini ngayinye, isampula eyodwa ye-Beta eyabiwe yezinga lokwamukela ngephutha, nokungaqiniseki kwe-Beta ngosayizi webhendi ngayinye okususelwa ekubuyekezweni kwasekuqaleni kwabazongenela abangu-70), linwetshwa ukuze lifake isilinganiso; uma f = 1 ibanga lihlanganisa lonke uhlu. Ibanga kwezinye izilimi: kuhlanganiswa noma kukhishwa u-1.645 wamaphutha ajwayelekile e-binomial kuwo wonke amabhendi. Ezinye izilimi nazo zithola ukunemba kwesitayela se-LexTALE = isilinganiso sephesenti lamagama angempela amukelwe nephesenti lamagama-mbumbulu anqatshiwe. Amaphesentili esiNgisi: isabelo sabadlali abafaneleka abangaphansi ngokuqinile kwesilinganiso (indlela nohlu lwamanje, imiphumela ethembekile, okungabonakali sengathi yenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, umzamo wokuqala ofanelekayo womdlali ngamunye), siboniswa kuphela emaqenjini anabantu okungenani abangu-100; uma bengaphansi kwalokho, kuboniswa izibalo zocwaningo ezishicilelwe njengomongo.
Imithetho yokuqinisekisa umzamo
Iseva yakha kabusha izinto isebenzisa imbewu yomzamo (ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezingamagama angempela akuboniswa ekhasini, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuprakthiza). Yonke into kufanele iphendulwe; indlela yesiNgisi enezinyathelo ezimbili idinga izimpendulo ezingu-40 nezingu-60 ngokuqondile futhi ayikwazi ukuxutshwa nendlela yesinyathelo esisodwa. Imiphumela enamagama-mbumbulu amaningi kakhulu amakwe njengaziwayo imakwa njengengathembekile futhi ayitholi iphesentili. Iseva yakha kabusha umzamo ngamunye kusukela kulogi engahluziwe (kanye nembewu yomzamo uma ikhona) bese izibalela amaphuzu; konke okushiwo yikhasi ngokuthi kulungile noma akulungile akunakwa. Ilogi ephula imithetho yomdlalo iyenqatshwa, futhi akukho okugcinwayo. Imizamo egciniwe ingaba namafulegi ekhwalithi angaboniswa futhi angavimbi umphumela: imizamo engu-10 noma ngaphezulu evela ekhelini elilodwa le-IP, ukungabikho kwe-ID yesivakashi, ukushintsha amathebhu, nezimpawu zokuzenzakalela (isiphequluli esizenzakalelayo, isivinini esingenakwenzeka, ukungabikho kwemicimbi yokufaka, izikhathi ezivamile njengomshini).
Umehluko emsebenzini wakudala
Ukuhlolwa kohlobo luka-yebo/cha okunamagama-mbumbulu kwaqala ngo-Meara no-Buxton (1987). I-LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) iwukuhlolwa okumisiwe okunezinto ezingu-60 okunamaphuzu ephesenti aqinisekisiwe; u-Brysbaert nabanye (2016) balinganisela usayizi wolwazi lwamagama besebenzisa idathasethi enkulu kakhulu eku-inthanethi yolwazi lwamagama, nesichazamazwi esihlukile nomqondo ovulekile kakhudlwana wokwazi igama. Le ndlela yokulinganisa, izinhlu zayo nokuhlelwa kwayo ngezinyathelo ezimbili kusha futhi akukakaqinisekiswa ngokuzimela. Iyunithi ngama-lemma ahlukene abhaliwe, hhayi imindeni yamagama njengaku-Vocabulary Size Test ka-Nation.
Imikhawulo
Ukuzibika: abantu bayehluka ekutheni bakumaka kalula kangakanani ukuthi bayalazi igama, futhi amagama-mbumbulu alungisa lokhu ngokwengxenye kuphela. Osayizi bamabhendi basuselwa kumasampula abuyekeziwe, hhayi ekubalweni kwesichazamazwi sonke. Izinhlu nosayizi bamabhendi kuyehluka phakathi kwezilimi, ngakho izilinganiso azinakuqhathaniswa phakathi kwezilimi. Izinto umuntu azithandayo ezikhethekile nezingxenye zamagama azijwayele zona kuyawushintsha umphumela. Ukukhumbula amagama avela emzamweni wangaphambili kuyayishintsha imiphumela yakamuva. Akukali ukuhlakanipha, ukukhuluma kahle noma impilo. Abadlali bokuqhathanisa bayizivakashi zesayithi, hhayi izilinganiso zabantu bonke.
Izilimi nesimo sokubuyekezwa
IsiNgisi (izinyathelo ezimbili) kanye nesiJalimane, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiPolish, isiPutukezi nesiRashiya (isinyathelo esisodwa); ezinye izilimi zesayithi zibonisa ukuhlolwa kwesiNgisi. Amagama angempela: ama-lemma e-Wiktionary (nge-kaikki.org) ahlelwe ngokuvama kwamagama (wordfreq 3.1.1), nesampula ebuyekezwe ngesandla ebhendini ngayinye; kwabelwana ngawo ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-CC BY-SA 4.0 njengoba kudingwa ilayisensi. Amagama-mbumbulu enzelwe uhlu ngalunye ngokusebenzisa amaphethini ezinhlamvu zalo futhi abuyekezwa ngesandla.
Isimo sokubuyekezwa ngolimi lwemiyalelo
Izilimi zemiyalelo eshicilelwe zibhalwe ngezansi. Indlela yokuhumusha: ukuhumusha okusizwa umshini nokuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi. Izinto eziqondene nolimi zichazwe ngenhla; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga lapha.
| Ulimi lwemiyalelo | Isimo sokubuyekezwa esibhaliwe |
|---|---|
| English | Umbhalo wokuqala wesiNgisi. |
| Deutsch | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Español | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Français | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Italiano | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Polski | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Português | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
| Русский | Ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kweskripthi nesipelingi; ukubuyekezwa ngabantu abakhuluma lolu limi njengolimi lwabo lwendabuko akubhalwanga. |
Indlela yokucaphuna
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Umlando wezinguquko
· Inguqulo en-adaptive-1 · Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kwezindlela zomsebenzi okhishiwe njengamanje.
Izinkomba
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Umbhalo wezindlela: CC BY 4.0. Yisho i-Helibrain bese ufaka isixhumanisi sale ndlela. Amasethi edatha okuqala nezinto zomsebenzi zinezimvume zazo; le mvume isebenza embhalweni wezindlela.
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