Teko ya tlotlofoko: mokgwa
Teko ya bogolo jwa tlotlofoko ya ee/nnyaa (lenane la go tshwaya), e e nang le mafoko a mmatota a a rulagantsweng ka ditlhopha tsa makgetlo a go dirisiwa le mafoko a maaka; Seesemane: mofuta o o fetogang ka dikgato tse pedi
Mofuta wa sediriswa sa go bala maduo: Seesemane: mokgwa en-adaptive-1, lenane en-1; dipuo tse dingwe: lenane <lang>-1 le mofuta 1 wa sediriswa sa go bala maduo o o phasaladitsweng
← Boela kwa tekongSe e se lekanyang
Bogolo jwa tlotlofoko e e amogelwang (go lemoga) ka lemmas, go ya ka se motho a se begang ka ga gagwe mme go baakantswe diphoso tsa go tsaya mafoko a maaka e le a mmatota. Ga e lekanye kitso ya ditlhaloso, go tlhagisa puo kgotsa bokgoni jwa puo.
Thulaganyo ya teko
Seesemane (mokgwa en-adaptive-1, lenane en-1): kgato 1 ke lenane la dilo di le 40: mafoko a a sa tlhophiwang a le 5 go tswa mo ditlhopheng di le 7 tsa makgetlo a go dirisiwa, le mafoko a maaka a le 5, tsotlhe di tlhakantswe; motshameki o tshwaya mafoko a a a itseng ('a ka tlhalosa bobotlana bokao bo le bongwe'). Kgato 2 ke lenane la dilo tse disha di le 60: mafoko a masha a le 4 mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe, mafoko a mangwe a le 25 a beilwe go dikologa setlhopha se mo go kgato 1 palo e e baakantsweng ya mafoko a a itsiweng e leng gaufi thata le 50% (boima bo fokotsega ka halofo mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe se se kgakala), le mafoko a maaka a masha a le 7. Ga go na lefoko le le boeletswang. Ga go na tekanyetso ya nako; matshwao a ka fetolwa pele ga kgato nngwe le nngwe e romelwa. Dipotso tse motho a ka di arabang morago ga maduo: setlhopha sa dingwaga, sebui sa tlhago kgotsa moithuti, dingwaga tse a ithutileng ka tsone, makgetlo a go buisa. Sejeremane, Sepanishe, Sefora, Sentali, Sepolishe, Sepotokisi le Serussia (manane *-1): lefoko le le lengwe ka nako, mafoko a a sa tlhophiwang a le 10 go tswa mo ditlhopheng di le 6 tsa makgetlo a go dirisiwa (mafoko a mmatota a le 60) le mafoko a maaka a le 30, tsotlhe di tlhakantswe (dilo di le 90); motshameki o araba a re 'Ke a le itse' kgotsa 'Le itlhametswe'. Go simolola ka mafoko a mmatota a le 2 le mafoko a maaka a le 2 a go ikatisa, go na le tsibogelo (go ka tlolwa). Ga go na tekanyetso ya nako; go tswa mo tabeng ga go fedise teko.
Dipharametara
| Pharametara | Boleng |
|---|---|
| Ditlhopha tsa makgetlo a mafoko a Seesemane (maemo a makgetlo a go dirisiwa) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Bogolo jwa ditlhopha tsa Seesemane (lemmas tse di fopholediwang) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (palogotlhe 51,508) |
| Dilo tsa Seesemane | 40 (kgato 1) + 60 (kgato 2) = 100: mafoko a mmatota a le 88, mafoko a maaka a le 12 |
| Dipuo tse dingwe: dilo | Mafoko a mmatota a le 60 (10 mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe, ditlhopha di le 6) + mafoko a maaka a le 30 |
| Dipuo tse dingwe: bogolo jwa manane (lemmas tse di fopholediwang) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Go kgolokolosetsa fopholetso | go ya kwa go 100 e e gaufi |
| Lobaka lwa dipalo | 90% |
| Maduo a a sa tlhomamang | Seesemane: selekanyo sa dikarabo tsa maaka ke 0.25 kgotsa go feta; dipuo tse dingwe: se feta 0.30 |
| Karabo e e bonako (palo ya boleng, dipuo tse dingwe) | ka fa tlase ga 250 ms |
Go naya maduo
Mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe b: h = karolo ya mafoko a mmatota a setlhopha a a tshwailweng gore a a itsiwe (Seesemane: mafoko a step-2 fela, gore tlhopho e e fetogang e se ka ya sekamisa fopholetso); f = karolo ya mafoko a maaka a a tshwailweng gore a a itsiwe (Seesemane: otlhe a le 12 go tswa mo dikgato tsoopedi). Karolo e e itsiweng p = (h − f) / (1 − f), e bewa magareng ga 0 le 1 (0 fa f = 1). Fopholetso = palogotlhe ya bogolo jwa setlhopha x p, e kgolok roundilwe go 100 mme e lekanyeditswe go bogolo jwa lenane; palo e kgolwane e raya tlotlofoko e kgolwane. Lobaka lwa dipalo, Seesemane: bogare jwa 90% jwa dipalo di le 4,000 tse di etsisitsweng (dipalo tsa Jeffreys Beta tsa selekanyo sa mafoko a a lemogilweng mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe, palo e le nngwe ya Beta e e kopanetsweng ya selekanyo sa dikarabo tsa maaka, le go tlhoka tlhomamo ga Beta mo bogolong jwa setlhopha sengwe le sengwe go tswa mo tshekatshekong ya ntlha ya batho ba le 70), lo atolosiwa go akaretsa fopholetso; fa f = 1 lobaka ke lenane lotlhe. Lobaka lwa dipalo, dipuo tse dingwe: go oketsa le go fokotsa 1.645 ya diphoso tse di tlwaelegileng tsa binomial tse di kopantsweng mo ditlhopheng tsotlhe. Dipuo tse dingwe gape di newa nepagalo ya mofuta wa LexTALE = palogare ya peresente ya mafoko a mmatota a a amogetsweng le peresente ya mafoko a maaka a a ganetsweng. Diperesente tsa maemo a Seesemane: karolo ya batshameki ba ba tshwanelegang ba ba nang le fopholetso e e kwa tlase thata (mokgwa le lenane la jaanong, maduo a a ikanyegang, ga go bonale e itiragaletse, teko ya ntlha e e tshwanelegang ya motshameki mongwe le mongwe), di bontshiwa fela mo ditlhopheng tsa batho ba le 100 kgotsa go feta; go seng jalo dipalo tse di gatisitsweng tsa dipatlisiso di bontshiwa go nna tshwantshiso.
Melawana ya teko e e amogelesegang
Serara e aga dilo gape go tswa mo peong ya teko (gore ke dife tse e leng mafoko a mmatota ga go bontshiwe mo tsebeng, fa e se ka nako ya ikatiso). Selo sengwe le sengwe se tshwanetse go arabiwa; mofuta wa Seesemane wa dikgato tse pedi o tlhoka dikarabo di le 40 le 60 ka tlhomamo mme ga o ka ke wa tlhakanngwa le mofuta wa kgato e le nngwe. Maduo a tshwaiwa a sa tlhomama fa go tshwailwe mafoko a maaka a mantsi thata gore a itsiwe, mme ga a newe maemo a peresente. Serara e aga teko nngwe le nngwe gape go tswa mo rekotong ya ntlha (le peo ya teko fa e le teng) mme e ipalela maduo; sengwe le sengwe se tsebe e se buang ka gore ke karabo e e siameng kgotsa e e phoso ga se elwe tlhoko. Rekoto e e tlolang melao ya motshameko e a ganwa, mme ga go sepe se se bolokwang. Diteko tse di bolokilweng di ka nna le matshwao a boleng a a sa bontshiwing e bile a sa thibele maduo: diteko di le 10 kgotsa go feta go tswa mo atereseng e le nngwe ya IP, ID ya moeng e e seyong, go fetolwa ga ditheb, matshwao a go itiragalela (sebatli se se itiragalelang, lebelo le le sa kgonegeng, go tlhoka ditiragalo tsa go tsenya tshedimosetso, nako e e rulaganeng jaaka motšhine).
Diphapang le tiro ya bogologolo
Diteko tsa ee/nnyaa tse di nang le mafoko a maaka di simolotse ka Meara le Buxton (1987). LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) ke teko e e tlhomameng ya dilo di le 60 e e nang le maduo a peresente a a netefaditsweng; Brysbaert et al. (2016) ba fopholeditse bogolo jwa tlotlofoko ka go dirisa tshedimosetso e ntsi thata ya inthanete ya kitso ya mafoko, ka bukantswe e sele le tlhaloso e e bulegileng thata ya go itse lefoko. Mokgwa ono wa go fopholetsa, manane a one le popego ya dikgato tse pedi ke dilo tse disha mme ga di ise di lekanyediwe ka boikemelo. Tekanyo ke lemmas tse di farologaneng tse di kwalwang, e seng ditlhopha tsa mafoko jaaka mo Tekong ya Bogolo jwa Tlotlofoko ya Nation.
Dikgoreletsi
Go itshepa ka pego ya motho: batho ba farologana ka bonako jwa go tshwaya lefoko gore ba a le itse, mme mafoko a maaka a baakanya seno ka bontlhanngwe fela. Bogolo jwa ditlhopha bo tswa mo disampoleng tse di sekasekilweng, e seng palogotlhe ya bukantswe. Manane le bogolo jwa ditlhopha di farologana go ya ka puo, ka jalo dipalo tse di fopholediwang ga di bapisege fa gare ga dipuo. Dikgatlhego tsa tiro e e kgethegileng le dikarolo tsa mafoko tse di tlwaelegileng di fetola maduo. Go gakologelwa mafoko go tswa mo tekong ya pele go fetola maduo a diteko tse di latelang. Ga e lekanye botlhale, thelelo ya puo kgotsa botsogo. Batshameki ba ba bapisiwang ke baeng ba webosaete, e seng maemo a batho botlhe.
Dipuo le maemo a tshekatsheko
Seesemane (dikgato tse pedi) le Sejeremane, Sepanishe, Sefora, Sentali, Sepolishe, Sepotokisi le Serussia (kgato e le nngwe); dipuo tse dingwe tsa saete di bontsha teko ya Seesemane. Mafoko a mmatota: lemmas tsa Wiktionary (ka tsela ya kaikki.org) tse di beilweng go ya ka makgetlo a mafoko (wordfreq 3.1.1), go na le sampole e e sekasekilweng ka seatla mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe; a abelanwa ka laesense ya CC BY-SA 4.0 jaaka laesense e tlhoka. Mafoko a maaka a dirilwe go ya ka dipaterone tsa ditlhaka tsa lenane lengwe le lengwe mme a sekasekilwe ka seatla.
Maemo a tshekatsheko ka puo ya ditaelo
Dipuo tsa ditaelo tse di gatisitsweng di kwadilwe fa tlase. Mokgwa wa thanolo: thanolo e e thusitsweng ke motšhine, le ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto. Didirisiwa tse di diretsweng puo nngwe le nngwe di tlhalositswe fa godimo; ga go a kwalwa fa gore dibui tsa tlhago di di sekasekile.
| Puo ya ditaelo | Maemo a tshekatsheko a a kwadilweng |
|---|---|
| English | Mokwalo wa ntlha wa Seesemane. |
| Deutsch | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Español | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Français | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Italiano | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Polski | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Português | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
| Русский | Ditlhahlobo tse di itiragalelang tsa mokwalo le mopeleto; ga go a kwalwa gore sebui sa tlhago se sekasekile. |
Go umaka jang
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Hisitori ya diphetogo
· Mofuta en-adaptive-1 · Kgatiso ya ntlha ya mekgwa ya tiro e e golotsweng gone jaanong.
Ditshupiso
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Mokwalo wa mekgwa: CC BY 4.0. Umaka Helibrain mme o tsenye kgolagano ya mokgwa ono. Ditshupiso tsa tshedimosetso le didirisiwa tsa tiro di na le dilaesense tsa tsone; laesense eno e akaretsa mokwalo wa mekgwa.
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