Indlela yokusebenza: Uvavanyo lwesigama
Uvavanyo lwesigama esaziwayo olukhethwa ngo-ewe/hayi (uluhlu lokukhangela), kusetyenziswa amagama okwenene ahlelwe ngokuphindaphindeka kwawo kunye namagama ayilwe; esiNgesini: inguqulelo elungelelanisayo enamanyathelo amabini
Inguqulelo yenkqubo yokubala amanqaku: IsiNgesi: indlela en-adaptive-1, uluhlu en-1; ezinye iilwimi: uluhlu <lang>-1 olunenguqulelo kawonkewonke yesixhobo sokubala amanqaku engu-1
← Buyela kuvavanyoInto eliyilinganisayo
Ubungakanani besigama esiqondwayo (esaziwayo xa sibonwa), obubalwa ngeelema nangokuzichaza komntu, kulungiswe ngokususela kwiimpazamo zokuthi uyawazi amagama ayilwe. Ayilinganisi ulwazi lweenkcazelo, ukuvelisa ulwimi okanye ubuchule bolwimi.
Inkqubo
IsiNgesi (indlela en-adaptive-1, uluhlu en-1): inyathelo 1 yigridi enezinto ezingama-40: amagama angama-5 akhethwe ngokungakhethiyo kwiqela ngalinye kula-7 amaqela okuxhaphaka kwamagama, kunye namagama ayintsomi angama-5, axutywe; umdlali uphawula amagama awaziyo ('angachaza ubuncinane intsingiselo enye'). Inyathelo 2 yigridi enezinto ezintsha ezingama-60: amagama amatsha ama-4 kwiqela ngalinye, amagama ongezelelweyo angama-25 abekwe kumaqela ajikeleze elo apho isabelo esilungisiweyo samagama aziwayo kwinyathelo 1 sikufutshane ne-50% (ubunzima buba sisiqingatha kwiqela ngalinye elikude), kunye namagama amatsha ayintsomi angama-7. Akukho gama liphindwayo. Alikho ixesha elimiselweyo; iimpawu zokukhetha zingatshintshwa ngaphambi kokungeniswa kwenyathelo ngalinye. Imibuzo ozikhethelayo emva kwesiphumo: iqela lobudala, isithethi somthonyama okanye umfundi wolwimi, iminyaka yokufunda, nokuba ufunda kangaphi. IsiJamani, iSpanish, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiPolish, isiPhuthukezi nesiRashiya (uluhlu *-1): kuboniswa igama elinye ngexesha, amagama ali-10 akhethwe ngokungakhethiyo kwiqela ngalinye kula-6 amaqela okuxhaphaka kwamagama (amagama okwenene angama-60) kunye namagama ayintsomi angama-30, axutywe (izinto ezingama-90); umdlali uphendula athi 'Ndiyalazi' okanye 'Lenziwe'. Kuqala kubakho amagama okwenene ama-2 nesiqheliso samagama ayintsomi ama-2, kunye nengxelo (kungatsitywa). Alikho ixesha elimiselweyo; ukushiya ithebhu akuyiphelisi inkqubo.
Iiparamitha
| Iparamitha | Ixabiso |
|---|---|
| Amanqanaba esiNgesi (amanqanaba okuphindaphindeka) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Ubungakanani bamanqanaba esiNgesi (iilema eziqikelelweyo) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (itotali 51,508) |
| Izinto zesiNgesi | 40 (inyathelo 1) + 60 (inyathelo 2) = 100: amagama okwenene angama-88, amagama ayilwe ali-12 |
| Ezinye iilwimi: izinto | Amagama okwenene angama-60 (ali-10 kwinqanaba ngalinye, amanqanaba asi-6) + amagama ayilwe angama-30 |
| Ezinye iilwimi: ubungakanani boluhlu (iilema eziqikelelweyo) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Ukusondeza uqikelelo | kufutshane ne-100 |
| Uluhlu | 90% |
| Isiphumo esingaqinisekanga | IsiNgesi: umlinganiselo weempendulo zobuxoki ngu-0.25 okanye ngaphezulu; ezinye iilwimi: ungaphezulu kwe-0.30 |
| Impendulo ekhawulezayo (ibala kumgangatho, ezinye iilwimi) | ngaphantsi kwe-250 ms |
Indlela yokubala amanqaku
Kwiqela ngalinye b: h = isabelo samagama okwenene eqela aphawulwe njengaziwayo (kwisiNgesi: ngamagama step-2 kuphela, ukuze ukukhetha okuguquguqukayo kungakhethi cala kuqikelelo); f = isabelo samagama ayintsomi aphawulwe njengaziwayo (kwisiNgesi: onke ali-12 kuzo zombini izinyathelo). Isabelo samagama aziwayo p = (h − f) / (1 − f), sigcinwa phakathi kuka-0 no-1 (ngu-0 ukuba f = 1). Uqikelelo = isixa sobukhulu beqela ngalinye siphindaphindwe ngo-p, lusondezwa kwi-100 luze luthintelwe kubungakanani boluhlu; ixabiso eliphezulu lithetha isigama esikhulu. Uluhlu, isiNgesi: umbindi we-90% wezibalo ezifanisiweyo ezingama-4,000 (ii-posterior zeJeffreys Beta zenqanaba lokufunyanwa kwiqela ngalinye, isampuli enye ekwabelwana ngayo ye-Beta yenqanaba leempazamo, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwe-Beta kubungakanani beqela ngalinye ngokusekelwe kuhlolo lokuqala lwabagqatswa abangama-70), lwandiswa ukuze luquke uqikelelo; xa f = 1 uluhlu luluhlu lonke. Uluhlu, ezinye iilwimi: dibanisa okanye susa amaxesha eempazamo eziqhelekileyo ze-binomial angama-1.645, adityaniswe kumaqela onke. Ezinye iilwimi zikwafumana ukuchaneka okufana neLexTALE = umndilili wepesenti yamagama okwenene amkelweyo nepesenti yamagama ayintsomi akhatywayo. Iipesenti zesiNgesi ezithelekiswayo: isabelo sabadlali abafanelekileyo abanoqikelelo olungaphantsi koluqikelelo, (indlela noluhlu lwangoku, iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa, ezingabonakali ngathi zenziwe ngoomatshini, umzamo wokuqala ofanelekileyo womdlali ngamnye), ziboniswa kuphela kumaqela anabantu abali-100 ubuncinane; kungenjalo kuboniswa amanani ophando apapashiweyo njengenxalenye yokuthelekisa.
Imithetho yeseshoni esebenzayo
Iseva iphinda yakhe izinto kusetyenziswa imbewu yovavanyo (ukuba zeziphi izinto ezingamagama okwenene akuboniswa kwiphepha, ngaphandle kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa). Kufuneka kuphendulwe into nganye; indlela yesiNgesi enamanyathelo amabini ifuna kanye iimpendulo ezingama-40 nezinga-60, kwaye ayinakuxutywa nendlela yenyathelo elinye. Iziphumo ezinamaga ayilwe amaninzi kakhulu aphawulwe njengaziwayo ziphawulwa njengengaqinisekanga yaye azifumani pesenti yokuthelekisa. Iseva iphinda yakhe lonke uvavanyo kwilog ekrwada (nakwimbewu yovavanyo apho ikhoyo) ize ibale amanqaku ngokwayo; ayihoyi nayiphi na ingxelo yephepha ethi impendulo ichanekile okanye ayichanekanga. Ilog eyaphula imithetho yomdlalo iyaliwa, yaye akukho nto igcinwayo. Uvavanyo olugciniweyo lunokuba neempawu zomgangatho ezingaboniswa nakubani na nezingathinteli siphumo: iimvavanyo ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu kwidilesi enye ye-IP, ukungabikho kwe-ID yondwendwe, ukutshintsha iithebhu, kunye neempawu zokuzenzekela (isikhangeli esizenzekelayo, isantya esingenakwenzeka, ukungabikho kweziganeko zokufaka, ixesha eliqhelekileyo elenziwe ngumatshini).
Umahluko kumsebenzi wakudala
Uvavanyo luka-ewe/hayi olunamagama ayilwe lwaqala kuMeara noBuxton (1987). I-LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) luvavanyo olusisigxina lwezinto ezingama-60 olunamanqaku epesenti aqinisekisiweyo; uBrysbaert et al. (2016) baqikelela ubungakanani besigama besebenzisa iseti yedatha enkulu kakhulu ye-intanethi yolwazi lwamagama, enesichazi-magama esahlukileyo nengcamango evulekileyo ngakumbi yokwazi igama. Le ndlela yokuqikelela, uluhlu lwayo noyilo lwayo olunamanyathelo amabini zintsha kwaye azikalinganiswa ngokuzimeleyo. Iyunithi ngamagama abhaliweyo ahlukeneyo anentsingiselo ezimeleyo (iilema), hayi iintsapho zamagama njengakuvavanyo lweSizwe soBungakanani beSigama.
Imida
Ukuzixela: abantu bayahluka kwindlela abakhawuleza ngayo ukuphawula igama njengelaziwayo, yaye amagama ayilwe alungisa le nto ngokuyinxenye kuphela. Ubungakanani bamanqanaba buvela kwiisampulu ezihloliweyo, hayi ekubalweni kwesichazi-magama sonke. Uluhlu nobungakanani bamanqanaba buyahluka phakathi kweelwimi, ngoko uqikelelo alunakuthelekiswa phakathi kweelwimi. Umdla okhethekileyo neenxalenye zamagama eziqhelekileyo ziyayitshintsha imiphumo. Ukukhumbula amagama ovavanyo lwangaphambili kuyazitshintsha iziphumo zamva. Olu vavanyo alulinganisi ubukrelekrele, ukutyibilika kolwimi okanye impilo. Abadlali bokuthelekisa ngabatyeleli besayithi, hayi imilinganiselo yabemi ngokubanzi.
Iilwimi nemeko yophononongo
IsiNgesi (amanyathelo amabini) kunye nesiJamani, iSpanish, isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiPolish, isiPhuthukezi nesiRashiya (inyathelo elinye); ezinye iilwimi zesayithi zibonisa uvavanyo lwesiNgesi. Amagama okwenene: iilema zeWiktionary (nge-kaikki.org) ezibekwe ngokuphindaphindeka kokusetyenziswa kwamagama (wordfreq 3.1.1), kunye nesampulu yenqanaba ngalinye ehlolwe ngesandla; kwabelwana ngazo phantsi kwe-CC BY-SA 4.0 njengoko kufunwa yilayisensi. Amagama ayilwe enziwa kuluhlu ngalunye kusetyenziswa iipateni zoonobumba balo aza ahlolwa ngesandla.
Imeko yophononongo ngokolwimi lwemiyalelo
Iilwimi zemiyalelo ezipapashiweyo zidweliswe ngezantsi. Indlela yokuguqulela: uguqulelo oluncedwa ngumatshini kunye nohlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo. Izinto ezithile zolwimi zichazwe ngasentla; akukho xwebhu apha lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama.
| Ulwimi lwemiyalelo | Imeko yophononongo ebhaliweyo |
|---|---|
| English | Umbhalo wokuqala ubhalwe ngesiNgesi. |
| Deutsch | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Español | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Français | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Italiano | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Polski | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Português | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
| Русский | Uhlolo oluzenzekelayo lweskripthi nopelo; akukho xwebhu lubonisa uphononongo lwesithethi somthonyama. |
Indlela yokuchaza njengomthombo
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Utshintsho olwenziweyo
· Inguqulelo en-adaptive-1 · Upapasho lokuqala lweendlela zomsebenzi okhutshiweyo ngoku.
Iimbekiselo
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Umbhalo weendlela: CC BY 4.0. Chaza i-Helibrain uze ubeke ikhonkco kule ndlela. Iiseti zedatha nemathiriyeli yomsebenzi zineemvume zazo; le mvume isebenza kumbhalo weendlela.
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