Muedzo wemashoko: maitirwo
Muedzo weruzivo rwemazwi unobvunza kuti hongu kana kwete (rondedzero yekutarisa), une mazwi chaiwo akarongwa nemapoka ehuwandu hwekushandiswa pamwe nemazwi asiri chaiwo; muChirungu: shanduro inochinja nhanho mbiri zvichienderana nemhinduro.
Shanduro yemashandisirwo ekuverenga zvibodzwa: Chirungu: nzira en-adaptive-1, rondedzero en-1; mimwe mitauro: rondedzero <lang>-1 ine shanduro 1 yeruzhinji yevaverengi vezvibodzwa
← Dzokera kumuedzoZvinoyerwa
Kukura kwemazwi anonzwisiswa (anozivikanwa paunoona), achiverengwa semazwi makuru, zvichibva pamhinduro yemunhu uye zvichigadziriswa kuti zviverengere mhinduro dzenhema kumazwi asiri chaiwo. Huyero uhwu hahuyeri kuziva tsananguro, kushandisa mazwi pakutaura kana kunyora, kana kugona mutauro.
Maitirwo
Chirungu (nzira en-adaptive-1, rondedzero en-1): danho 1 igridi ine zvinhu 40: mazwi 5 akasarudzwa zvisina kurongwa kubva paboka rimwe nerimwe pamapoka 7 ehuwandu hwekushandiswa pamwe nemazwi 5 asiri chaiwo, zvose zvakasanganiswa; mutambi anoisa chiratidzo pamazwi aanoziva (‘anogona kutsanangura chirevo chimwe chete kana kupfuura’). Danho 2 igridi ine zvinhu 60 zvitsva: mazwi matsva 4 paboka rimwe nerimwe, mamwe mazwi 25 akaiswa pedyo neboka rine chikamu chemashoko anozivikanwa chakagadziriswa chiri pedyo ne50% mudanho 1 (huremu hunodzikira nehafu paboka rimwe nerimwe riri kure), uye mazwi matsva 7 asiri chaiwo. Hapana izwi rinodzokororwa. Hapana nguva yakatarwa; zviratidzo zvinogona kuchinjwa danho rimwe nerimwe risati rapinzwa. Mibvunzo yaungasarudza kupindura mushure memhedzisiro: boka rezera, mutauri wemutauro uyu kubva paudiki here kana kuti mudzidzi, makore ekudzidza, uye kuwanda kwekuverenga. ChiGerman, Spanish, French, Italian, Polish, Portuguese neRussian (rondedzero *-1): izwi rimwe panguva, mazwi 10 akasarudzwa zvisina kurongwa kubva paboka rimwe nerimwe pamapoka 6 ehuwandu hwekushandiswa (mazwi chaiwo 60) pamwe nemazwi 30 asiri chaiwo, zvose zvakasanganiswa (zvinhu 90); mutambi anopindura kuti ‘Ndinozviziva’ kana kuti ‘Ragadzirwa’. Kutanga pane mazwi chaiwo 2 nemazwi asiri chaiwo 2 ekudzidzira, aine mhinduro dzinoratidzwa (anogona kusvetukwa). Hapana nguva yakatarwa; kubuda patabhu hakupedzi kutamba.
Zvinhu zvinotariswa
| Chinhu chinotariswa | Huwandu |
|---|---|
| Mapoka eChirungu (nzvimbo pahuwandu hwekushandiswa) | 1–2,000; 2,001–4,000; 4,001–8,000; 8,001–16,000; 16,001–32,000; 32,001–64,000; 64,001–74,781 |
| Hukuru hwemapoka eChirungu (mazwi makuru anofungidzirwa) | 1,771; 1,800; 3,486; 6,057; 11,200; 20,571; 6,623 (zvose 51,508) |
| Zvinhu zveChirungu | 40 (danho 1) + 60 (danho 2) = 100: mazwi chaiwo 88, mazwi asiri chaiwo 12 |
| Mitauro mimwe: zvinhu | Mazwi chaiwo 60 (10 paboka, mapoka 6) + mazwi asiri chaiwo 30 |
| Mitauro mimwe: hukuru hwerondedzero (mazwi makuru anofungidzirwa) | de 46,137; es 36,748; fr 33,119; it 37,304; pl 29,240; pt 25,350; ru 30,086 |
| Kutenderedza fungidziro | kunhamba ye100 iri pedyo |
| Huwandu hunofungidzirwa | 90% |
| Mhedzisiro isina kusimba | Chirungu: chikamu chemhinduro dzenhema chiri 0.25 kana kupfuura; mimwe mitauro: chinopfuura 0.30 |
| Mhinduro inokurumidza (chiverengero chemhando, mimwe mitauro) | pasi pe250 ms |
Maverengero ezvibodzwa
Paboka b rimwe nerimwe: h = chikamu chemazwi chaiwo eboka akaiswa chiratidzo sekuzivikanwa (muChirungu: mazwi step-2 chete, kuitira kuti kusarudzwa kunochinja kwemazwi kusatsause fungidziro); f = chikamu chemazwi asiri chaiwo akaiswa chiratidzo sekuzivikanwa (muChirungu: ose 12 kubva kumatanho maviri). Chikamu chinozivikanwa p = (h − f) / (1 − f), chinochengetwa pakati pe0 na1 (0 kana f = 1). Fungidziro = huwandu hwemapoka ose hwakawanzwa nehukuru hweboka x p, hwotenderedzwa kusvika pa100 uye kuganhurirwa pahukuru hwerondedzero; nhamba yakakwirira inoreva ruzivo rwemazwi rwakakura. Huwandu hunofungidzirwa, Chirungu: pakati pe90% yepakati yezviyero 4,000 zvakatevedzerwa (kugoverwa kweJeffreys Beta pachiyero chemhinduro yakarurama cheboka rimwe nerimwe, chiyero chimwe cheBeta chakagoverwa pamhinduro dzenhema, uye kusava nechokwadi kweBeta pahukuru hweboka rimwe nerimwe kubva pakuongorora kwekutanga kwezvinhu 70 zvakanga zvichikwanisa kusarudzwa), hwakawedzerwa kuitira kuti husanganisire fungidziro; kana f = 1, huwandu hwacho irondedzero yose. Huwandu hunofungidzirwa, mimwe mitauro: kuwedzera kana kubvisa 1.645 yakawanzwa nekukanganisa kwakajairika kwebinomial kwakabatanidzwa pamapoka ose. Mimwe mitauro inowanawo kururama kwemaitiro eLexTALE = pakati pechikamu chezana chemazwi chaiwo akagamuchirwa nechikamu chezana chemazwi asiri chaiwo arambwa. Zvikamu zvezana zveChirungu: chikamu chevatambi vakakodzera vane fungidziro yakaderera chaizvo (nzira nerondedzero zvazvino, mhedzisiro yakavimbika, isingafungidzirwi kuti yakaitwa nemuchina, kuedza kwekutanga kwakakodzera kwemutambi mumwe nomumwe), chinoratidzwa kumapoka ane vanhu 100 kana kupfuura chete; kana vari pasi, nhamba dzakabudiswa kubva mutsvakurudzo dzinoratidzwa senhanganyaya.
Mitemo yemuedzo unogamuchirwa
Seva inovakazve zvinhu zvemuedzo kubva pambeu yekutamba (hapana nzira inoita kuti peji rizive kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zviri mazwi chaiwo, kunze kwekudzidzira). Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kupindurwa; chimiro cheChirungu chenhanho mbiri chinoda mhinduro 40 nedzimwe 60 chaizvo, uye hachigoni kusanganiswa nechimiro chenhanho imwe. Mhedzisiro ine mazwi asiri chaiwo akawandisa akaiswa chiratidzo sekuzivikanwa inonzi haina kusimba uye haiwani chikamu chezana. Seva inovakazve kutamba kwose kubva parekodhi yepakutanga (uye pambeu yekutamba kana iripo) uye inoverenga chibodzwa pachayo; mashoko ose ari papeji pamusoro pezvakarurama kana zvisina kururama haashandiswi. Rekodhi inotyora mitemo yemutambo inorambwa, uye hapana chinochengetwa. Mitambo yakachengetwa inogona kuva nezviratidzo zvemhando isingaratidzwi uye isingambovharidzi mhedzisiro: mitambo 10 kana kupfuura kubva kukero imwe yeIP, kushaikwa kweID yemushanyi, kuchinja matabhu, uye zviratidzo zvekushandisa otomatiki (bhurawuza rinoshandisa otomatiki, kumhanya kusingagoneki, kusava nezviitiko zvekuisa mashoko, nguva dzakanyatsoenzana sedzemuchina).
Misiyano nemuedzo wekare
Miedzo inobvunza kuti hongu kana kwete uye ine mazwi asiri chaiwo yakatanga kuna Meara naBuxton (1987). LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma 2012) muedzo wakatarwa une zvinhu 60 uye chibodzwa chezana chakabvumidzwa; Brysbaert et al. (2016) vakafungidzira kukura kwemazwi vachishandisa dura guru kwazvo repaindaneti reruzivo rwemazwi, vaine duramazwi rakasiyana uye pfungwa yakasununguka zvikuru yezvinoreva kuziva izwi. Nzira iyi yekufungidzira, rondedzero dzayo uye magadzirirwo ayo ematanho maviri zvitsva uye hazvisati zvayerwa nemazvo nevamwe vakazvimirira. Chiyero chacho mazwi makuru akanyorwa akasiyana, kwete mhuri dzemazwi sezviri muMuedzo weKukura kweMazwi waNation.
Zvisingakwanisi kuyerwa
Kuzvitaurira: vanhu vanosiyana pakureruka kwavanoisa chiratidzo pashoko seravanoziva, uye mazwi asiri chaiwo anogadzirisa izvi zvishoma chete. Hukuru hwemapoka hunobva pamienzaniso yakaongororwa, kwete pakuverenga duramazwi rose. Rondedzero nehukuru hwemapoka zvinosiyana pakati pemitauro, saka fungidziro hadzigoni kuenzaniswa pakati pemitauro. Zvaunofarira pazvidzidzo zvakananga uye zvikamu zvemazwi zvaunoziva zvinoshandura mhedzisiro. Kuyeuka mazwi kubva pamuedzo wekare kunoshandura mhedzisiro inotevera. Muedzo uyu hauyeri ungwaru, kugona kushandisa mutauro zvakanaka kana utano. Vatambi vanofananidzwa navo vanhu vanoshanyira saiti, kwete zviyero zvinomiririra vanhu vose.
Mitauro nemamiriro ekuongororwa
Chirungu (matanho maviri) pamwe neChiGerman, Spanish, French, Italian, Polish, Portuguese neRussian (nhanho imwe); mimwe mitauro yesaiti inoratidza muedzo weChirungu. Mazwi chaiwo: mazwi makuru eWiktionary (kuburikidza nekaikki.org) akarongwa nekuwanda kwekushandiswa kwemazwi (wordfreq 3.1.1), paine muenzaniso weboka rimwe nerimwe wakaongororwa nemaoko; akagoverwa pasi peCC BY-SA 4.0 sezvinodiwa nerezinesi. Mazwi asiri chaiwo akagadzirwa parondedzero imwe neimwe zvichibva pamaitiro emabhii emutauro wayo uye akaongororwa nemaoko.
Mamiriro ekuongororwa maererano nemutauro wemirayiridzo
Mitauro yemirayiridzo yakabudiswa yakanyorwa pazasi. Maitiro eshanduro: shanduro inobatsirwa nemuchina, pamwe nekuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo. Mashoko akagadzirirwa mutauro mumwe nomumwe anotsanangurwa pamusoro; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa pano rwekuti akaongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki.
| Mutauro wemirayiridzo | Mamiriro ekuongororwa akanyorwa |
|---|---|
| English | Mashoko ekutanga echiRungu. |
| Deutsch | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Español | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Français | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Italiano | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Polski | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Português | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
| Русский | Kuongorora otomatiki manyorerwo nemaperengo; hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa rwekuongororwa nemunhu anotaura mutauro uyu kubva paudiki. |
Matauriro ekutaura nezvemuedzo
Helibrain (2026). Vocabulary test, ven-adaptive-1. https://helibrain.com/vocabulary-test/methods
Zvakachinjwa
· Shanduro en-adaptive-1 · Kutanga kubudiswa kwemaitirwo ebasa riripo iye zvino.
Zvinyorwa zvinorehwa
Meara, P., & Buxton, B. (1987). An alternative to multiple choice vocabulary tests. Language Testing, 4(2), 142–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026553228700400202original yes/no vocabulary test with pseudowords
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., Mandera, P., & Keuleers, E. (2016). How many words do we know? Practical estimates of vocabulary size dependent on word definition, the degree of language input and the participant's age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1116.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116vocabulary-size estimates by age; research context shown on the page
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 325–343.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0validated yes/no lexical test; accuracy formula
Nation, I. S. P., & Beglar, D. (2007). A vocabulary size test. The Language Teacher, 31(7), 9–13.
frequency-stratified sampling; word-family unit (different from lemmas)
Mashoko emashandisirwo: CC BY 4.0. Taura kuti abva kuHelibrain uye isa chinongedzo chemashandisirwo aya. Zvinyorwa zvekwakabva mashoko uye zvinhu zvemuedzo zvine marezinesi azvo; rezinesi iri rinoshanda kumashoko emashandisirwo chete.
← Dzokera kuMuedzo wemashoko