Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Ingcamango yexesha | Intsingiselo | Umda |
|---|---|---|
| Into yokuqala ekujoliswe kuyo | Into ekufuneka ikhethwe okanye kuxelwe ngayo | Imiyalelo yomsebenzi ichaza indima yayo |
| Into yesibini ekujoliswe kuyo emva kwe-200–500 ms | Kudla ngokuba nzima ukunika ingxelo ngayo | Lixesha eliqikelelwayo elibonwe kuvavanyo |
| Into elandela ngoko nangoko | Kwezinye iindlela zovavanyo isenokungachaphazeleki kangako | Utshintsho lwexesha alulandeli ixesha elinye elimiselweyo lokungakwazi ukubona |
Uvavanyo lokuqala lukaRaymond noogxa bakhe, kunye nohlolo olwalandelayo, luhlola ukuboniswa ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ngokulandelelana: izinto zilandelelana ngokukhawuleza, kuze izinto ekujoliswe kuzo zifakwe phakathi kweziphazamisi. Ixesha eliqikelelwayo lixhomekeke kulandelelwano nakwinto ekufuneka yenziwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba. Eli asiloxesha elimiselweyo elilinganiswa ngumdlalo ngamnye wengqalelo. Raymond et al., 1992 Dux et al., 2009
Ngaba into yesibini ayibonwa kwaphela?
Isiphumo sokuziphatha kukuncipha kokunika ingxelo ngento yesibini ekujoliswe kuyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Iingcamango azivumelani ngokuba oku kubangelwa kukukhetha, kukufikelela ezingqondweni, kukufakwa kwinkumbulo esebenzayo okanye zezinye izithintelo ezinxulumeneyo. Uhlolo luvavanya obu bungqina; alulinganisi zonke iingxelo eziphosiweyo nokusilela okukodwa kwimvakalelo yokuqala. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
Yiyo loo nto ukuchaneka kwengxelo, ixesha lokuvela kwento ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye nemfuneko yokuchonga into yokuqala kubalulekile. Ukutshintsha umyalelo okanye isivuseleli kunokutshintsha impembelelo ebonwayo. Kufuneka kuchazwe umsebenzi ukuze kutolikwe uluhlu lwexesha elingangeemillisecond. Raymond et al., 1992 Martens et al., 2009
Ingenelela njani inkumbulo esebenzayo kule ngcaciso?
Ukukhetha nokugcina into yokuqala ekujoliswe kuyo kunokukhuphisana nokucutshungulwa kwento elandelayo. Iingcamango zenkumbulo esebenzayo zahlula iinkqubo zokugcina nezokulawula, ngoxa uhlolo lukaCowan luxoxa ngomthamo phantsi kwezithintelo ezithile. Ezi ndlela zokucinga zinceda ekwakheni iinkcazelo; azithethi ukuba oku kusilela kwengqalelo kulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo umthamo wenkumbulo opheleleyo womntu. Baddeley, 2012 Cowan, 2001
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Ngaba kuyafana nokungakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo ixesha elide?
Hayi. Ubunzima obungaphantsi komzuzwana bokunika ingxelo ngezinto ezisondelelene ngexesha bohlukile ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle kangangemizuzu. Uphando lwengqalelo ezinzileyo luhlola ukuguquguquka neempazamo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngoxa iimvavanyo zokusilela kwengqalelo okwethutyana zitshintsha isithuba phakathi kweziganeko. Ukuzibiza zombini ngokuba yingqalelo akuthethi ukuba imilinganiselo yazo iyatshintshana. Esterman et al., 2013 Dux et al., 2009
Uhlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando ngokungalali nalo lwahlula iinkalo ezininzi zengqondo neziphumo zazo. Impazamo kumsebenzi wengqalelo ezinzileyo ayinakubangelwa ngokuzenzekelayo yingcaciso ye-200–500 ms, yaye ukuphoswa kwento enye eboniswa ngokukhawuleza akubonisi ukuba umntu akalalanga ngokwaneleyo okanye unesifo. Lim et al., 2010
Ngaba ubudala nesini zinika imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yomntu?
Uhlolo olucatshuliweyo luchaza iziphumo zovavanyo nokwahluka kweendlela zovavanyo; aluniki itshathi yeepesenti zobudala nesini esebenza kumntu wonke kuvavanyo lwe-intanethi. Ukunika umntu ubudala bengqalelo ngokusekelwe kwizinto nje ezimbalwa aziphosileyo kungafuna ukuqinisekiswa okungabonelelwa zezi mithombo. Martens et al., 2009 Dux et al., 2009
Ukuthembeka komlinganiselo ngomnye umbuzo. Iziphumo ezibanzi zento ebizwa ngokuba yingxaki yokuthembeka zibonisa ukuba impembelelo yengqondo ebonakala ngokucacileyo kumndilili ayiqinisekisi ukuba umlinganiselo wokwahluka kwabantu uzinzile. Umboniso omfutshane awulovavanyo lokuxilonga okanye lomkhwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Hedge et al., 2017
Yintoni onokuyenza ngokwenene ngesi siphumo?
Sisebenzise ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ulwazi oluvela lusondelelene ngexesha lunokuphoswa nangona umntu ezama ukunikela ingqalelo. Ubungqina abumisi mthetho jikelele wezithuba phakathi kweziganeko kubomi bemihla ngemihla, isicwangciso soqeqesho esiqinisekisiweyo, okanye ibango lokuba ukuziqhelanisa nomdlalo wengqalelo kwenza abantu bahlakaniphe ngokubanzi. Ezo zinto zifuna ubungqina obuthile bokudlulela kweziphumo kwezinye iimeko. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
Xa uthelekisa imisebenzi ngokungekho sesikweni, gcina isantya solandelelwano, izinto ekujoliswe kuzo neemfuno zokunika ingxelo zingatshintshanga, uze ujonge ukuchaneka endaweni yokuqamba amanqaku okubuyela esiqhelweni. Uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomdlalo wengqalelo maluchazwe njengomsebenzi owahlukileyo. Raymond et al., 1992 Hedge et al., 2017
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwexesha lokunikela ingqalelo
Zama uvavanyo lwexesha lokunikela ingqalelo ukuze uhlolisise ukuphendula okuzinzileyo neempazamo. Olu asilovavanyo lokusilela kwengqalelo kusetyenziswa izinto ezikhawulezayo ezilandelelanayo, ngoko amanqaku alo akanakulinganisa isithuba sakho se-200–500 ms. Uphando luchaza enye inkalo enxulumene nengqalelo, kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo owahlukileyo.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba oku kubangelwa kukuqhwanyaza kwamehlo am?
Eli gama lichaza impembelelo yokusebenza xa kunikwa ingxelo ngezinto ezijoliswe kuzo eziboniswa ngokukhawuleza; alithethi ukuba kufuneka kuqhwanyazwe ngokwenene. Dux et al., 2009
Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu unengqalelo ehlala i-500 ms?
Hayi. Eli xesha liqikelelwayo libhekisela kwixesha eliphakathi kwezinto ezimbini ekujoliswe kuzo kuvavanyo oluthile, hayi kwixesha umntu anokunikela ngalo ingqalelo. Martens et al., 2009
Ngaba umdlalo wengqalelo oqhelekileyo unokukulinganisa oku?
Ngumsebenzi ofanelekileyo kuphela onexesha elifanelekileyo lezinto ekujoliswe kuzo kunye neemfuno zokunika ingxelo onokuvavanya le mpembelelo. Amanqaku engqalelo ezinzileyo ngumlinganiselo owahlukileyo. Raymond et al., 1992 Esterman et al., 2013
Imithombo
- Dux et al. (2009). Ukusilela kwengqalelo okwethutyana: uphononongo lwedatha neengcamango.
- Martens et al. (2009). Ukusilela kwengqalelo okwethutyana: ixesha elidlulileyo, elangoku nelizayo lendawo engabonakaliyo ekuqondeni.
- Raymond et al. (1992). Ukucinezelwa okwethutyana kokucutshungulwa kolwazi olubonwayo kumsebenzi we-RSVP: kukusilela kwengqalelo okwethutyana?.
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo esebenzayo: iingcamango, imifuziselo neengxoxo.
- Cowan (2001). Inani lomlingo elingu-4 kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane: ukuqwalaselwa ngokutsha komthamo wokugcina engqondweni.
- Esterman et al. (2013). Ukugxila okanye ukuphazamiseka? Ukulandelela ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha nokwemithambo-luvo ngexesha lengqalelo ezinzileyo.
- Lim et al. (2010). Uhlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando ngempembelelo yokungalali ixesha elifutshane kwiinkalo zengqondo.
- Hedge et al. (2017). Ingxaki yokuthembeka: kutheni imisebenzi yengqondo ethembekileyo ingavelisi imilinganiselo ezinzileyo yomahluko phakathi kwabantu.