Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Ubungqina obuchazwe kuphononongo | Isiphumo | Inkcazelo ebalulekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| Abafundi besiNgesi bakaHirai, iqela eliqonda ngcono | 139 WPM | Baphendule ngaphezu kwe-75% yemibuzo ngokuchanekileyo |
| Kwalo phononongo, elinye iqela | 61 WPM | Laliqonda ngokwahlukileyo |
| Uphononongo lweenoveli zabantu abathetha isiDatshi nesiNgesi | Liyacotha nge-17% kwi-L2 | Isampulu nomsebenzi othile wabantu abathetha iilwimi ezimbini |
Ezi ziphumo zixelwe kwicandelo lophononongo elithetha ngabafundi abathetha ulwimi olungelulo olwabo lweenkobe. Uphononongo lutsho ngokucacileyo ukuba amanani ophando lweenoveli akavumeli ukuba kubalwe isantya esipheleleyo esinokuthelekiswa nge-WPM. Kubalulekile ukugcina loo nkcazelo: i-17% akufanele isetyenziswe njengomlinganiselo wokulungisa iziphumo zabo bonke abafundi bolwimi lwesibini. Brysbaert, 2019
Kutheni inqanaba lolwazi libaluleke ngaphezu kweleyibhile ethi L2
Ukufunda ulwimi lwesibini kuyayitshintsha indlela amagama acutshungulwa ngayo, kuquka indlela umntu aqaphela ngayo ukuba igama lisetyenziswa rhoqo kangakanani. Uphononongo lukaWhitford noTitone luphonononga ezi ziphumo ngokulandela iintshukumo zamehlo ngoxa kufundwa imihlathi. Ngoko ke, abantu ababini abathetha ulwimi lokuqala nolwesibini olufanayo basenokujongana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda, ngenxa yokwahluka kwamava abo olwimi nakwinqanaba lolwazi lwabo. Whitford et al., 2012
Ulwazi lwesigama nalo luyinxalenye yale meko. Uphando lokugubungela isigama lubuza ukuba mangaphi amagama akwisicatshulwa esithile afunyanwa ngumfundi, ngoxa uqikelelo lobungakanani besigama luxhomekeke ekubeni kubalwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zegama, amagama asisiseko okanye iintsapho zamagama. Uqikelelo olusekelwe ekubaleni amagama nje alunakuxela lodwa ukuba umntu uya kufunda zonke izicatshulwa ngokutyibilikayo. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kutheni i-WPM ingenakusetyenziswa ukuthelekisa iilwimi ngokuthe ngqo
Iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zisebenzisa amanani ahlukeneyo amagama abhaliweyo ukuze zichaze ulwazi olufanayo. Ubude bamagama, ukwakheka kwamagama neenkqubo zokubhala zichaphazela into ebalwayo. Ngoko ke, uphononongo lwesantya sokufunda nolwentshukumo yamehlo aluxhasi ukutolika i-WPM esezantsi kolunye ulwimi njengobungqina bobukrelekrele obusezantsi okanye bokucinga kade ngokubanzi. Brysbaert, 2019 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Ubunzima besicatshulwa nemiyalelo yomsebenzi zitshintsha iziphumo
Ukufundela ukuzonwabisa, ukufunda ukuze ufunde nokukhangela inyani ethile yimisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Uphando lweentshukumo zamehlo lubonisa indlela ubunzima bamagama neemfuno zokuqonda ezichaphazela ngayo oko kujongwa ngamehlo. Ibali eliqhelekileyo nenqaku lobugcisa elingaqhelekanga akufanele kuthathwe njengezixhobo ezitshintshanayo zokuvavanya isantya esinye sokufunda esingaguqukiyo. Rayner, 1998 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Ukubuyela umva emehlweni ekufundeni kunokunceda umfundi asombulule ukungaqiniseki. Ubungqina bovavanyo obubonisa ukuba ukuthintela ukuphinda kufundwe kuyayonakalisa ingqiqo busilumkisa ngokungakuthathi konke ukunqumama okanye ukubuyela umva xa kufundwa nge-L2 njengokungasebenzi kakuhle okufanele kupheliswe. Enye yexesha elongezelelweyo isenokuba inceda ukuqonda. Schotter et al., 2014
Ngaba ukuziqhelanisa kungawunciphisa umahluko?
Uphononongo luxhasa ukubaluleka kwamava olwimi nokukwazi ukuqonda amagama ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa aluchazi inani leeyure ezifunekayo ukuze wonke umntu afunde ngolwimi lwesibini ngesantya esilingana nesolwimi lokuqala. Le mizekelo ivela kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo nayo ayiniki uqikelelo oluthembekileyo loqeqesho ngokweminyaka nobuni. Inkqubela ifanele ilinganiswe kusetyenziswa imisebenzi neemeko zolwimi ezinokuthelekiswa. Rayner et al., 2016 Whitford et al., 2012
Sebenzisa isicatshulwa esingaqhelekanga esifanelekileyo, qinisekisa ukuba uyasiqonda, uze ubhale phantsi ulwimi nenjongo yexesha ngalinye lokulinganisa. Ukufunda isicatshulwa esilula ngokukhawuleza kunokuba luncedo, kodwa oko kukodwa akubonisi ukuba amandla okufunda aphucuke ngomlinganiselo ofanayo nakwisicatshulwa esinzima. Uthelekiso olunentsingiselo lugcina ubunzima nenjongo zisondelelene kangangoko. Brysbaert, 2019 Nation, 2006
Ngoko ke, impendulo esebenzayo luluhlu lwezinto ezinokwenzeka, hayi inani elinye elisetyenziswa kuye wonke umntu. Iziphumo ezipapashiweyo ze-139, 61 ne-17% zibonisa indlela abantu abafundwayo nomsebenzi owenziwayo obaluleke ngayo. Zifanele zincede ekutolikeni umahluko, kunokuba zenze umda omtsha osebenza kubo bonke abafundi bolwimi. Brysbaert, 2019
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwesantya sokufunda
Zama uvavanyo lwesantya sokufunda ngolwimi oluqondayo, uze uphendule imibuzo yokuqonda. Gcina iziphumo zeelwimi ezahlukileyo zahlukene. Amanani ophando lwesiNgesi anika imeko kuphela; awaguquleli ubuchule bakho bolwimi okanye i-IQ yakho.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba akuqhelekanga ukuba ndicothe ngokuphindwe kabini xa ndifunda nge-L2?
Ezi zifundo azibeki umlinganiselo wobuqu onokuthiwa awuqhelekanga. Ulwazi lolwimi, ubunzima besicatshulwa nenjongo yomsebenzi ziyahluka kakhulu, ngoko akunakufikelelwa kweso sigqibo. Brysbaert, 2019
Ndingathelekisa i-WPM yesiNgesi neyezinye iilwimi?
Kuphela xa uqwalasela ukuba iiyunithi ezibhaliweyo nenkcazelo ehambelana negama ngalinye ziyahluka. I-WPM iyodwa ayiniki uthelekiso olungathathi cala kulwimi. Brysbaert, 2019
Ndifanele ndizinyanzele ndiyeke ukuphinda ndifunde?
Musa ukucinga ukuba konke ukubuyela umva kuyingozi. Ukuphinda ufunde kunokunceda ukuqonda; oko kufuneka kuhlolwe kunye nesantya. Schotter et al., 2014
Imithombo
- Brysbaert (2019). Mangaphi amagama esiwafundayo ngomzuzu? Uphononongo nohlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando ngesantya sokufunda.
- Rayner et al. (2016). Kuninzi kakhulu okunokufundwa, kodwa ixesha lincinane kakhulu.
- Rayner (1998). Iintshukumo zamehlo ekufundeni nasekuqhubeni inkcazelo: iminyaka engama-20 yophando..
- CLIFTON et al. (2015). Iintshukumo zamehlo ekufundeni nasekuqhubeni inkcazelo: iminyaka engama-40 yegalelo likaKeith Rayner.
- Whitford et al. (2012). Amava olwimi lwesibini atshintsha iziphumo zokuphindaphindeka kwamagama kulwimi lokuqala nolwesibini: Ubungqina obusuka kwimilinganiselo yeentshukumo zamehlo xa kufundwa imihlathi eqhelekileyo.
- Nation (2006). Kufuneka sibe nesigama esingakanani ukuze sifunde size siphulaphule?.
- Schotter et al. (2014). Musa ukukukholelwa oko ukufundayo kube kanye kuphela.
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Mangaphi amagama esiwaziyo? Uqikelelo olusebenzayo lobungakanani besigama luxhomekeke kwinkcazelo yegama, kubungakanani bolwimi umntu adibana nalo nakwiminyaka yakhe.