Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Inani lezinto eziqondwayo | Amagama angaziwayo kwisicatshulwa samagama angama-300 | Intsingiselo |
|---|---|---|
| 90% | 30 | Umzekelo wezibalo |
| 95% | 15 | Malunga negama elinye elingaziwayo kumagama angama-20 |
| 98% | 6 | Malunga negama elinye elingaziwayo kumagama angama-50 |
Le theyibhile ibonisa izibalo zamagama asetyenzisiweyo kwisicatshulwa, ayilovavanyo lokuqonda. Igama elisetyenzisiweyo lithetha ukubonakala kwalo kwisicatshulwa: ukubonakala okuphindaphindiweyo kwegama elinye elingaqhelekanga kubalwa rhoqo. Iintsapho zamagama ngumlinganiselo owahlukileyo osetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubungakanani besigama. Ukubhidanisa le milinganiselo kwenza imfuneko ebonakala ichanekile ibe yinkohliso. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Luvela phi uqikelelo lwe-8,000–9,000?
UNation wasebenzisa uluhlu lweentsapho zamagama olusekelwe kubuninzi bokusetyenziswa ukuze ahlole ukuba zingaphi iindawo kwimibhalo ethethwayo nebhaliweyo yesiNgesi eziqondwayo. Isigqibo sixhomekeke kwimeko: ukuba kufuneka kuqondwe malunga ne-98% ukuze kufundwe ngaphandle koncedo, imibhalo ebhaliweyo eyahlolwayo ifuna malunga nolo luhlu lwesigama. Amagama abantu neendawo, kunye nendlela ezibalwa ngayo iimo zamagama ezinxulumeneyo, ziyinxalenye yohlalutyo; azizozinto ezinokushiywa xa kusenziwa injongo yokufunda esebenza kuyo yonke imeko. Nation, 2006
Olunye uphando lokubala isigama lubonisa ukuba iziseko zamagama, iintsapho zamagama neemo ezibhaliweyo zinokuvelisa amanani ahluke kakhulu. Iintsapho ezingama-8,000 azinakuthelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo novavanyo olunika inani leziseko zamagama elingu-8,000; kananjalo eli nani alibonisi onke amagama esiNgesi. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Ngaba i-98% ngumda omangalisayo wokuqonda?
USchmitt, Jiang noGrabe bavavanya abantu abangama-661 abavela kumazwe asibhozo besebenzisa imibhalo emibini. Bafumanisa ukuba kukho unxulumano oluqhubekayo phakathi kokuba mangaphi amagama aqondwayo nokuqonda okubhaliweyo, kungekho ndawo ibukhali apho ukuqonda kugqiba ngesiquphe. Iziphumo zabo zixhasa i-98% njengenjongo eluncedo yokuqonda imibhalo yezifundo, kungekhona isango ekumele udlule kulo ngokupheleleyo okanye usilele. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Kutheni iincwadi zahluka
Ibali eliqhelekileyo, incwadi yesifundo ekhethekileyo nenoveli yembali zisebenzisa isigama esahlukileyo kwaye zicingela ukuba umfundi unolwazi lwangaphambili olwahlukileyo. Uqikelelo lokuqonda amagama aluyisusi indima yegrama, yokuqikelela intsingiselo okanye yolwazi ngesihloko ekuqondeni. Uphando lwesantya sokufunda nalo lubonisa ukuba ukuhamba kumagama nokuwaqonda ziziphumo ezimbini ezahlukileyo. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019
Ulwazi olwamkelayo lubalulekile ekuqondeni okubhaliweyo, kodwa umfundi unokulazi igama ngokuyinxenye. Uphononongo olwahlula ukuqaphela, ukukhumbula nokuvelisa amagama lubonisa ukuba ukuphawula igama njengeliqhelekileyo akuqinisekisi ukuba zonke iintsingiselo zalo kwisicatshulwa ziya kuqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Ungaqalisa ukufunda usazi amagama ambalwa?
Ewe: olu qikelelo lubhekisa ekuqondeni imibhalo ehlolwayo ngaphandle koncedo, alunikeli okanye aluthinteli mvume yokufunda. Izinto ezifundeka lula, uncedo neenjongo ezahlukileyo zokufunda ziyayitshintsha imeko. Umfundi osebenzisa isichazi-magama wenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kulowo wenziwa ngaphandle koncedo. Eli nani lifanele likuncede ukhethe into oza kuyifunda, lingakutyhafisi ukuba ulinde de uvavanyo lufikelele kwinani elithile. Nation, 2006
Ukudibana negama amaxesha amaninzi kunokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi ngalo, kodwa uphando lokuphindaphinda aluniki nani elisebenza kuzo zonke iimeko lokudibana elifunekayo ukuze onke amagama afundwe ngokupheleleyo. Qwalasela ukuqonda kwakho nohlobo loncedo olufunekayo, kunokuba ucinge ukuba inani elimiselweyo lamagama asandul’ ukuqatshelwa liqinisekisa ukufunda ngokutyibilikayo. Webb, 2007
Kuthekani ngobudala, isini nezinye iilwimi?
Olu luhlalutyo lokuqonda imibhalo yesiNgesi, alusosikali sesakhono esisekelwe kubudala okanye kwisini. Ezinye iilwimi zibala imo namabakala anxulumeneyo ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibhalo zifuna isigama esahlukileyo. Ukusebenzisa eli nani kwezinye iilwimi ngaphandle kokujonga imilinganiselo kungabaxa ubungqina obukhoyo. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Umbuzo oluncedo kukuba uqonda kangakanani kule ncwadi ngokwenqanaba loncedo olikhethileyo. Amanqaku okuqaphela amagama anokunika umongo, kodwa uvavanyo olufutshane lokuqonda umbandela ngokwawo lusondele ngakumbi kuloo njongo kunomda omnye wesigama osebenza kuzo zonke iimeko. SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwesigama
Zama uvavanyo lwesigama ukuze uhlole ukuqaphela amagama esiNgesi, uze ucinge ngencwadi ngokwayo nendlela oyiqonda ngayo. Amanqaku ovavanyo awasiqinisekiso sokuba uya kukwazi ukufunda nasiphi na isicatshulwa, kwaye iyunithi yokubala kufuneka ifane naleyo isetyenziswe kuthelekiso olupapashiweyo.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba iintsapho zamagama eziyi-8,000 ziyafana namagama ayi-8,000?
Azisoloko zifana kuzo zonke iindlela zokubala. Usapho ludibanisa imo zamagama ezinxulumeneyo, kanti isiseko segama okanye imo ebhaliweyo ziiyunithi ezahlukileyo. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Ngaba ukuqonda i-98% yamagama kuthetha ukuqonda i-98% yesicatshulwa?
Hayi. Ukuqonda amagama kubala ukubonakala kwamagama owaziyo; ukuqonda kufuna ukuyiqonda intsingiselo yesicatshulwa. Ezi zinto azifani. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Ngaba ndimele ndilinde ndide ndiwazi loo manani amagama?
Uhlalutyo lumalunga nokuqonda izinto ezithile ezibhaliweyo ngaphandle koncedo. Ayingomthetho othintela ukufunda ngenkxaso okanye ukufunda iincwadi ezilula ezingaphantsi kolu luhlu. Nation, 2006
Imithombo
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Mangaphi amagama esiwaziyo? Uqikelelo olusebenzayo lobungakanani besigama ngokwendlela elichazwa ngayo igama, ubungakanani bolwazi lolwimi neminyaka yomntu othatha inxaxheba.
- Nation (2006). Sifuna isigama esingakanani ukuze sifunde size siphulaphule?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Ukuvavanya ulwazi lwesigama: ubungakanani, amandla nokulungelelaniswa nekhompyutha.
- Webb (2008). L2: Ubungakanani besigama esamkelayo nesivelisayo kubafundi bolwimi lwesibini.
- Webb (2007). Iziphumo zokuphindaphinda kulwazi lwesigama.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Mangaphi amagama akhoyo kwimibhalo yesiNgesi esetyenziswa ezikolweni?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Mangaphi amagama esiwafundayo ngomzuzu? Uphononongo nohlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando ngesantya sokufunda.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Ipesenti yamagama aziwayo kwisicatshulwa nokuqonda okufundwayo.