Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Umzekelo | Yintoni etshintshayo | Yintoni engalandeliyo koku |
|---|---|---|
| Ukwahlula amanani ali-12 abe ngamaqela ama-4 anamanani ama-3 | Indlela ameleke ngayo iyahlulwa ibe ngamaqela | Wonke umntu unokukhumbula olo landelelwano |
| Ukuqaphela ipateni eqhelekileyo | Ulwazi umntu asele enalo lunokunciphisa umgudu wokufaka ulwazi engqondweni | Uphawu ngalunye luhlala kwindawo yalo ezimeleyo |
| Imeko yokuziqhelisa ukusuka ku-7 ukuya kuma-79 amanani | Ukukhumbula amanani emva kokuziqhelisa kakhulu | Amandla enkumbulo yokusebenza ngokubanzi ezinto ezingama-79 |
Umqolo wokuqala ngumzekelo wendlela yokwahlula ngokwamaqela, awungomlinganiselo wamandla enkumbulo. Owesithathu ngumzekelo wokuqala wokuziqhelisa kakhulu. Kolo phononongo, umthathi-nxaxheba wasebenzisa ulwazi lwamaxesha okubaleka kunye nendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokukhumbula. Iphepha likwaxela ukuba olo lwazi aluzange ludluliselwe xa umbandela watshintshwa waba ngoonobumba abangoonobumba bezikhamiso, nto leyo ebalulekileyo xa kutolikwa loo siphumo simangalisayo samanani. Ericsson et al., 1980
Yintoni iqela lenkumbulo?
Iqela lenkumbulo yiyunithi yolwazi egcinwe engqondweni, engasoloko ilinani elimiselweyo loonobumba ababonakalayo. Uncedo lwalo luxhomekeke koko umfundi asele ekwazi nakwindlela ulandelelwano olwakheke ngayo. Ingxoxo kaMiller malunga nokuphinda uhlele ulwazi kunye nomsebenzi kaMathy noFeldman malunga nokulucinezela zibonisa ukuba kutheni ukubala nje izinto ezikulo kungalahlekisa xa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwahlukile. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Inkcazo kaCowan yamandla enkumbulo amancinci iphonononga iimeko ezithintela ukuphindaphinda engqondweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olugcinwe ixesha elide. Umntu osebenzisa amaqela anentsingiselo kumdlalo wamanani oqhelekileyo akanyanzelekanga ukuba asebenze phantsi kwaloo zithintelo. Ezi ziphumo zimbini aziphikisani, kuba iiyunithi zazo neenkqubo ezivumelekileyo zahlukile. Cowan, 2001
Ngaba ukwahlula ngokwamaqela kuyafana nokuphindaphinda?
Ukuphindaphinda kugcina ulwazi lusebenza engqondweni; ukwahlula ngokwamaqela kutshintsha indlela oluboniswa okanye olucwangciswe ngayo. Ezi ndlela zinokusebenza kunye, kodwa azifani. Ithiyori yenkumbulo yokusebenza yahlula ukugcina ulwazi okwethutyana kwezinye iinkqubo zolawulo nakwigalelo lolwazi olugcinwe ixesha elide. Baddeley, 2012
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Ufanele ulindele ukuphucuka okungakanani?
Isiphumo sokusuka ku-7 ukuya kuma-79 sisiganeko esinye sokuziqhelisa ngamandla ngendlela engaqhelekanga, asisosiphumo esiqhelekileyo sonyango okanye isicwangciso sokuziqeqesha esifanele wonke umntu. Sibonisa ukuba ukufunda ukucwangcisa ulwazi kunokutshintsha kakhulu amanqaku omsebenzi, kodwa asiniki siseko saneleyo sokuxela kwangaphambili ukuba umntu uya kukwazi ukukhumbula amanani amangaphi ekugqibeleni. Ukungadluliseli kwesakhono ngokubanzi kubaluleke kanye njengaloo rekhodi. Ericsson et al., 1980
Amanqaku apapashiweyo ovavanyo lwenani lezinto ezikhunjulwayo nawo axhomekeke kumgaqo wokumisa. Kuphononongo olukhulu lophicotho, elona nani liphezulu likhunjulweyo kunye nenani eliqhelekileyo lovavanyo lavelisa imiyinge eyahlukileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba abafanayo. Ngoko ke, xa kuthelekiswa iindlela, indlela yokubonisa namanqaku kufuneka kuhlale kufana, kungadityaniswa eyona mpumelelo inde yodwa nesiseko esilinganiswe ngenye indlela. Woods et al., 2010
Yintoni efanelekileyo ukuzama?
Xa uthelekisa iindlela ngokungekho sesikweni, gqiba enoba uza kudibanisa amanani ngokwamaqela na, sebenzisa indlela efanayo kwiimvavanyo ezithelekisekayo, uze ubhale phantsi utshintsho xa wamkela indlela entsha. Uphando lokucinezela ulwazi luyayixhasa indima yolwakhiwo; aluqinisekisi ukuba kukho ubungakanani obunye bamaqela obulungele wonke umntu okanye ukuba indlela ethile yokunceda ukukhumbula iya kunceda kulo lonke ulandelelwano. Mathy et al., 2012
Sebenzisa umbandela ongawuqhelanga xa ufuna ukwazi enoba indlela iyasebenza na nakwezinye izinto ezingaphaya komzekelo owufundileyo ngentloko. Uphando ngeendlela zokulinganisa inkumbulo lugxininisa ekuthelekiseni inkqubo kunye nesakhono esilinganiswayo. Isakhono esifundiweyo siluncedo, kodwa masichazwe njengeso sakhono, singabizwa ngokutsha njengokwanda kwamandla engqondo ewonke. Conway et al., 2005
Ekugqibeleni, akukho ndlela iqinisekisiweyo yokuguqula amanqaku okukhumbula amanani ahlelwe ngokwamaqela abe kwinqanaba le-n-back okanye kwi-IQ. Uhlalutyo lwezifundo oluthelekisa uvavanyo lwezinto ezikhunjulwayo ne-n-back lubonisa ukuba kwanezivavanyo ezibizwa ngokuba zezenkumbulo yokusebenza azinakuthathwa njengezinto ezilinganayo. Redick et al., 2013
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwenkumbulo yamanani
Zama uvavanyo lwenkumbulo yamanani uze uqaphele indlela owahlula ngayo amanani ngokwamaqela. Xa uthelekisa iindlela, gcina indlela yokubonisa neyokubala amanqaku ifana. Amanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukukhumbula okungcono phantsi kwezo meko; awangqini ukuba ubukrelekrele ngokubanzi bandile.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba ukwahlula ngokwamaqela kwandisa inani leendawo zenkumbulo?
Kunokutshintsha ulwazi olumelwe yiyunithi nganye. Ubungqina abubonisi ukuba kufuneka kwande ngokulinganayo nenani elimiselweyo leendawo zenkumbulo ngokubanzi. Cowan, 2001 Mathy et al., 2012
Ngaba ndiza kukwazi ukufikelela kumanani angama-79?
Isiphumo sokuqala safunyanwa kumthathi-nxaxheba omnye owayeqeqeshwe ngamandla; asisosiphumo esiqhelekileyo okanye isithembiso. Ericsson et al., 1980
Kutheni amanani aqhelekileyo ebonakala elula?
Ulwazi osele unalo lunokunceda ekuhleleni nasekukhumbuleni ulandelelwano. Yinxalenye yoko kuphandwa kwizifundo zokwahlula ulwazi ngokwamaqela. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2010). Ukuphucula uvavanyo lwenani lamanani akhunjulwayo ukuze kuhlolwe inkumbulo yamagama yexesha elifutshane.
- Cowan (2001). Inani elimangalisayo u-4 kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane: Ukuqwalaselwa ngokutsha kwamandla okugcina engqondweni.
- Miller (1956). Inani elimangalisayo elisixhenxe, kususwe okanye kongezwe isibini: Eminye imida yamandla ethu okucubungula ulwazi..
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo yokusebenza: Iithiyori, iimodeli neengxoxo.
- Conway et al. (2005). Imisebenzi yokulinganisa ubude benkumbulo yokusebenza: Uphononongo lweendlela nesikhokelo somsebenzisi.
- Redick et al. (2013). Imilinganiselo yemisebenzi yenkumbulo yokusebenza: uhlalutyo lwezifundo.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Ukufumana isakhono senkumbulo.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Yintoni emangalisayo kumanani amangalisayo? Ukwahlula ngokwamaqela nokucinezela ulwazi kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane.