Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Isiphumo kuhlalutyo oludibanisa izifundo zabantu abadala | Uqikelelo | Isithintelo |
|---|---|---|
| Iqela elingaphantsi lomsebenzi wokuthintela impendulo we-Stroop | Hedges' g = 0.12 | Ngaphambi kokulungisa ucalucalulo lokupapashwa |
| Isithuba salo sokuzithemba se-95% | 0.03 ukuya ku-0.20 | Umahluko omncinane odityanisiweyo phakathi kwamaqela |
| Isigqibo sisonke emva kokulungisa ucalucalulo | Akukho nzuzo icwangcisiweyo ixhaswayo | Oku akubonisi ukuba bonke abantu bayafana |
Uqikelelo olukhethekileyo lwe-Stroop lukwiTheyibhile 3. Ngumahluko obekwe kwisikali esifanayo, hayi ukusebenza okungcono nge-12% okanye amathuba omntu ngamnye. Isiphumo esincinane esingalungiswanga setheyibhile kufuneka siqwalaselwe kunye nesigqibo sephepha esilungiswe ngenxa yocalucalulo; ukukhetha kuphela isiphumo esihle kungayimela kakubi ingxelo yophando. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Kwakutheni ukuze kucingwe ukuba kukho inzuzo?
Ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezingaphezu kolunye sisizathu esivakalayo sokuphanda ngokulawula kwengqondo. Kodwa iindlela ezinokubonakala zisengqiqweni zifuna ubungqina obuthe ngqo. Uphando lukaPaap noGreenberg luyathandabuza ukuba imisebenzi emininzi yolawulo lwengqondo inika ubungqina obuhambelanayo benzuzo enye yokuthetha iilwimi ezimbini; akufanele kucingwe ukuba amanqaku ayalingana kuba nje ebizwa ngegama elinye. Paap et al., 2013
Uvavanyo lwe-Stroop ngokwalo lunezinto ezininzi ezinegalelo. Amagama, imibala, indlela yokudibanisa impendulo kunye nomlinganiselo osisiseko okhethiweyo zinempembelelo kumahluko ofunyanwayo. Ingxelo kaMacLeod kunye nophononongo lomlinganiselo wasemtholampilo zibonisa isizathu sokuba lungancitshiswa lube sisixhobo esilinganisa ulawulo lwengqondo olungaxhomekekanga kulwimi. MacLeod, 1991 Scarpina et al., 2017
Ngaba ulwimi lovavanyo lunamsebenzi?
Igama elibhaliweyo linokuphazamisa kuphela ngeenkqubo zobuchopho ezisebenzayo kumfundi. Uvavanyo lokuqala lubonisa ukubaluleka kokuphendula ngomlomo ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kanti iingxelo zophando zichaza umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo zovavanyo. Oku kuxhasa ukugcina ulwimi neemeko zokuphendula zingatshintshi; akunikeli ndlela inye yokulungisa amanqaku abo bathetha iilwimi ezimbini. Stroop, 1935 MacLeod, 1991
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Umahluko wamaqela awuchazi umntu ngamnye
Nokuba kubonwe umahluko omncinane phakathi kwamaqela, amanqaku abantu ebeya kudibana kakhulu, kwaye loo mahluko ubungayi kuchaza isizathu sokutshintsha kwamanqaku omntu omnye. Uphononongo lwento ebizwa ngokuba yiphazili yokuthembeka lukwabonisa ukuba umahluko omninzi oqhelekileyo kule misebenzi awuthembekanga kangako ekubekeni abantu ngokwamanqaku abo njengoko iziphumo zovavanyo oluqinileyo zinokubonisa. Uvavanyo olufutshane kwisikhangeli sewebhu alunakubonisa ukuba ngawaphi amava olwimi abangele isiphumo. Hedge et al., 2017
Uphononongo oludibanisa ubungqina babantu abadala aluseki milinganiselo ye-Stroop yendalo yonke eyahlulwa ngokweminyaka okanye ngokwesini kubantu abathetha iilwimi ezimbini. Isigqibo salo akufanele sisetyenziswe ngokuzenzekelayo ebantwaneni, kuzo zonke izibini zeelwimi okanye kuzo zonke iindlela zokuchaza amava okuthetha iilwimi ezimbini. Abantu abahlukileyo bafuna ubungqina obufanelekileyo kubo. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Kutheni imilinganiselo nolungiso zibalulekile
Ixesha elilinganiswa kwisikhangeli sewebhu liyahluka ngokweenkqubo, kanti nendlela yokunika amanqaku e-Stroop iyahluka ngokohlobo lovavanyo. Uhlalutyo oludibanisa izifundo zasemtholampilo lubonisa ukuba indlela yokulinganisa ukuphazamiseka inokutshintsha ubungakanani obubonakalayo beziphumo zamaqela. Esi sisilumkiso ngokulinganisa ngokubanzi, asibobungqina bokuba ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini sisifo sasemtholampilo. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Lansbergen et al., 2007
Yintoni onokuyiqonda ngokwenene xa uyizama?
Sebenzisa uvavanyo njengendlela yokuva ukuba kunjani xa ulwazi lwamagama nolwemibala lungqubana. Ukuba uthelekisa izihlandlo ozivavanya ngazo, gcina ulwimi, isixhobo, indlela yokuphendula nendlela yokunika amanqaku zingatshintshi. Jonga izinga leempazamo kunye namaxesha okuphendula, kwaye musa ukutolika utshintsho njengobungqina benzuzo ebanzi yokuthetha iilwimi ezimbini. Scarpina et al., 2017 Hedge et al., 2017
Ubungqina abuchasani nokufunda iilwimi, kwaye abuthembisi ukuba ukufunda kwazo kuphucula ingqondo. Buphendula umbuzo omncinane ngakumbi: uphando olukhankanyiweyo lwabantu abadala aluboneleli ngenkxaso ethembekileyo yenzuzo ebanzi kulawulo lwengqondo emva kokuqwalasela ucalucalulo lokupapashwa. Izakhono ezithile zolwimi kunye nexabiso lokunxibelelana ngolunye ulwimi ziziphumo ezahlukileyo. Lehtonen et al., 2018 Paap et al., 2013
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwe-Stroop
Zama uvavanyo lwe-Stroop ngolwimi oluqondayo, kwaye usebenzise olo lwimi lunye xa ulandela iziphumo. Alunakugqiba ukuba imbali yakho yolwimi ibangele amanqaku akho okanye likunike isiqinisekiso senzuzo yokuqonda ngenxa yokuthetha iilwimi ezimbini.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba u-g = 0.12 uthetha ukuba ukusebenza kungcono nge-12%?
Hayi. Ngumahluko obekwe kwisikali esifanayo phakathi kwemiyinge, kwaye olu qikelelo luthile lwenziwe ngaphambi kokulungisa ucalucalulo. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Ngaba olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba akukho mntu uthetha iilwimi ezimbini unenzuzo?
Hayi. Ukungabikho kobungqina obuqinileyo benzuzo eqhelekileyo akuthethi ukuba wonke umntu okanye yonke imeko iyafana. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Ngaba amanqaku am anokubonisa ukuba ngokwenene ndithetha iilwimi ezimbini?
Hayi. Ukusebenza kuvavanyo lwe-Stroop akukokuhlela imbali yolwimi, kwaye akulovavanyo oluqinisekisiweyo lokuthetha iilwimi ezimbini. MacLeod, 1991 Scarpina et al., 2017
Imithombo
- Lehtonen et al. (2018). Ngaba ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini kunxulunyaniswa nokuphucuka kolawulo lwengqondo kubantu abadala? Uphononongo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando..
- Paap et al. (2013). Akukho bungqina buhambelanayo benzuzo yokuthetha iilwimi ezimbini ekusetyenzweni kolwazi olulawulayo.
- MacLeod (1991). Isiqingatha senkulungwane yophando ngesiphumo se-Stroop: Uphononongo oludibanisayo..
- Scarpina et al. (2017). Uvavanyo lwe-Stroop lwemibala namagama.
- Stroop (1935). Uphononongo lokuphazamiseka kwiimpendulo zomlomo ezilandelelanayo..
- Hedge et al. (2017). Iphazili yokuthembeka: Kutheni imisebenzi yokuqonda ethembekileyo ingabonisi umahluko othembekileyo phakathi kwabantu.
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kokwenene kwamaqonga ovavanyo lwe-intanethi, izikhangeli zewebhu nezixhobo.
- Lansbergen et al. (2007). Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Stroop nengxaki yokungakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo/ukuxakeka kakhulu: Uphononongo nohlalutyo oludibanisa izifundo..