Ubungqina namanani abalulekileyo
| Uphawu | Isifundo sesithuba samanani aviwe | Umdlalo wamanani apheleleyo abonwayo |
|---|---|---|
| Ulwazi olunikwayo | Amanani abizwa ngokulandelelana | Amanani aboniswa kwisikrini |
| Amathuba okuwadibanisa ngamaqela | Axhomekeke kwisantya sokubizwa nakwindlela esetyenziswa ngumntu | Kusenokudityaniswa amaqela abonakala ngokwendawo |
| Ukutolikwa kwamanqaku | Kufuneka kusetyenziswe imigaqo yeso sifundo yokukhumbula nokumisa | Kufuneka kusetyenziswe imigaqo yomdlalo ngokwawo |
| Ukuguqula amanqaku ngokuthe ngqo | Akumiselwanga | Akumiselwanga |
Isifundo samanani aviwe sasibandakanya abantu abadala abangama-763 abavela kuluntu, abaneminyaka eli-18–65. Umndilili wesiqhelo wovavanyo lwangaphambili wawungu-6.35, kodwa umndilili weyona nani liphezulu lifunyenweyo kuvavanyo olubanzi ngakumbi wawungu-6.77. Lo mahluko ungaphakathi kwisifundo sodwa ubonisa ukuba kutheni umndilili opapashiweyo kufuneka uchaze indlela amanqaku abalwe ngayo. Woods et al., 2010
Kutheni ukutshintsha indlela yokubonisa kutshintsha umsebenzi
Iingcamango zenkumbulo esebenzayo zahlula iinkqubo zokumela ulwazi nezolawulo, kuquka ezo zisekelwe kumazwi nezo zisekelwe ekuboneni nasekuqondeni indawo. Amanani abhaliweyo nawo anokuguqulelwa engqondweni abe ngamazwi, ngoko umahluko awulula njengokuthi enye yinkumbulo ebonwayo kuphela ize enye ibe yinkumbulo yokuva kuphela. Indlela ulwazi oluboniswa ngayo nento umntu ayenzayo ngalo zombini zibalulekile. Baddeley, 2012
Ukubona ulandelelwano luphela ngaxeshanye kunokwenza kube lula ukuqaphela indlela olwakheke ngayo ukuze ludityaniswe ngamaqela. Uphando lokudibanisa ngamaqela luhlola indlela iipateni ezicinezela ngayo ulandelelwano lolwazi; uncedo olufumanekayo lubangelwa yindlela ulwazi olufakwe ngayo engqondweni, hayi linani nje leempawu. Umhla okanye ipateni eqhelekileyo emehlweni inokukhunjulwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunamanani angadibananga. Mathy et al., 2012 Miller, 1956
Ngaba amanqaku aphezulu abonwayo abonisa inkumbulo eyomeleleyo?
Asebenza kuphela kulo msebenzi nakwiimeko ezivavanyiweyo. Uthelekiso lukwatshintsha ixesha lokuboniswa kolwazi, amathuba okuphinda-phinda engqondweni, indlela yokuphendula nemigaqo yokumisa. Uphando ngeendlela zokulinganisa isithuba luthi ezi nkcukacha ziyayichaphazela imilinganiselo. Amanqaku angcono kuhlobo olunye awathethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba umntu uya kwenza ngcono kuyo yonke imisebenzi yenkumbulo esebenzayo. Conway et al., 2005
Yintoni eyichaphazelayo?
Kutheni imilinganiselo yenkumbulo epapashiweyo isenokubonakala ingavumelani
Inkcazelo kaCowan yomthamo othintelweyo imalunga namaqela olwazi kwiimeko ezenzelwe ukunciphisa ukuphinda-phinda engqondweni negalelo lenkumbulo yexesha elide. Isithuba samanani esiqhelekileyo sinokuxhamla kwezo nkqubo kanye. Ngoko ke, ukuthelekisa uqikelelo lwamaqela olwazi nokubala amanani nje kudibanisa iiyunithi neemeko zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo. Cowan, 2001
Ukuziqhelanisa ngamandla ngeendlela zokukhumbula kunika umzekelo omangalisayo: umntu owayeqeqeshiwe wafunda ukukhumbula ulandelelwano lwamanani olude kakhulu esebenzisa ulwazi olulungelelanisiweyo, kodwa akazange abonise ukudluliselwa okufanayo kolu buchule kwizinto ezingadibaniyo. Obu bubungqina bobuchule obufundiweyo, hayi ubungqina bokuba indawo yokugcina ulwazi lwexeshana yanda yaya kufikelela kwinani lamanani abonisiweyo. Ericsson et al., 1980
Kuthekani ngemilinganiselo yobudala nesini?
Imilinganiselo yesiqhelo kufuneka ihambelane nendlela yokubonisa, ixesha, ulwimi, ulandelelwano lweempendulo nendlela yokubala amanqaku. Isampulu yabantu abadala abavavanywa ngamanani aviwe ayiniki ndlela yokuguqula amanqaku omdlalo wesikhangeli obonwayo ehlenga-hlengiswe ngokobudala okanye ngesini. Ukusebenzisa umndilili wayo kuzo zonke iinguqulelo ezikwi-intanethi kungajika isalathiso sophando esiluncedo sibe luhlu lomntu olulahlekisayo. Woods et al., 2010 Conway et al., 2005
Esi silumkiso siyasebenza nakweminye imisebenzi yamanani: uhlalutyo lwezifundo ezininzi lubonisa ukuba imilinganiselo yesithuba samanani neyovavanyo lwe-n-back idibana kancinci kuphela, yaye ayinakuthathelana. Ngoko ke, iziphumo eziphezulu kumdlalo obonwayo wenkumbulo yamanani azilingani namanqaku e-n-back amiselweyo okanye noqikelelo lwe-IQ. Redick et al., 2013
Ukuze uzijonge ngokwakho, gcina iziphumo zefomathi nganye zahlukile, sebenzisa ixesha elifanayo lokubonisa nemigaqo yokuphendula, uze ubhale ukuba uyaphinda-phinda na okanye udibanisa ulandelelwano ngamaqela. Ezi ndlela zenza kube lula ukutolika uthelekiso lwakho, kodwa azivelisi milinganiselo imele uluntu ngokubanzi okanye ubungqina bokuqinisekiswa kwezonyango. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Zama uvavanyo lwasimahla olunxulumene noku
Uvavanyo lwenkumbulo yamanani
Zama uvavanyo lwenkumbulo yamanani abonwayo uze ubhale iziphumo njengamanqaku aloo msebenzi. Ukuba usebenzisa novavanyo lwesithuba samanani aviwe, bhala iziphumo zalo ngokwahlukeneyo. Kuphephe ukuthelekisa elona nani lide uliphumeleleyo kuhlobo olunye nomndilili okanye isiphumo somgaqo wokumisa solunye.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
Ngaba amanqaku ovavanyo lokuva nokubona kufuneka afane?
Le mithombo ayiqinisekisi ukuba kufuneka alindelwe ukuba afane. Indlela yokubonisa, iqhinga nendlela yokubala amanqaku zisenokwahluka. Woods et al., 2010 Baddeley, 2012
Ngaba ukubona amanani kusenokusebenzisa inkumbulo yamazwi?
Ewe. Abantu banokuguqulela engqondweni izinto ezibhaliweyo zibe ngamazwi; indlela yokubonisa ayiqinisekisi ukuba kusetyenziswa inkqubo enye yenkumbulo kuphela. Baddeley, 2012
Ngaba enye yezi ndlela luvavanyo lwe-IQ olungcono?
Ukuze kuthethwe oko kufuneka kubekho ukuqinisekiswa okufanelekileyo. Ukufumana amanqaku aphezulu kwindlela ethile akubonisi ukongama ngokubanzi ngokwengqondo. Conway et al., 2005
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2010). Ukuphucula uvavanyo lwesithuba samanani senkumbulo yamazwi yexesha elifutshane.
- Cowan (2001). Inani elimangalisayo u-4 kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane: Ukuqwalasela ngokutsha umthamo wokugcina engqondweni.
- Miller (1956). Inani elimangalisayo u-7, dibanisa okanye thabatha u-2: Imida yomthamo wethu wokucubungula ulwazi..
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo esebenzayo: Iingcamango, imizekelo neengxoxo.
- Conway et al. (2005). Imisebenzi yokulinganisa isithuba senkumbulo esebenzayo: Uphononongo lweendlela nesikhokelo somsebenzisi.
- Redick et al. (2013). Imilinganiselo yesithuba esintsonkothileyo neyovavanyo lwe-n-back yenkumbulo esebenzayo: Uhlalutyo lwezifundo ezininzi.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Ukufunyanwa kobuchule benkumbulo.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Yintoni emangalisayo kumanani amangalisayo? Ukudibanisa ngamaqela nokucinezela ulwazi kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane.