Humbowo nenhamba zvinokosha
| Chikamu chemashoko anozivikanwa | Mashoko asina kuzivikanwa mundima yemashoko 300 | Zvarinoratidza |
|---|---|---|
| 90% | 30 | Muenzaniso wekuverenga |
| 95% | 15 | Anenge shoko rimwe chete risingazivikanwi pamashoko 20 |
| 98% | 6 | Anenge shoko rimwe chete risingazivikanwi pamashoko 50 |
Tafura iyi inoratidza kuverenga kwenhamba dzemashoko ari muchinyorwa, haisi muedzo wekunzwisisa. Shoko rimwe chete rinoverengwa pese parinoonekwa mundima: kana shoko rimwe risingazivikanwi rikadzokororwa, kuonekwa kwaro kumwe nokumwe kunoverengwa. Mhuri dzemashoko inzira yakasiyana inoshandiswa kurondedzera kukura kwemashoko aunoziva. Kuvhiringidza zviyero izvi kunoita kuti chinoratidzika sechinodiwa chakarurama chive chinotsausa. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kufungidzira kwe8,000–9,000 kwakabva kupi?
Nation akashandisa mazita emhuri dzemashoko akarongwa maererano nekuwanda kwekushandiswa, kuti aongorore chikamu chezvinyorwa zveChirungu zvinonzwisisika pakunyora nokutaura. Mhedziso iyi inoenderana nemamiriro acho: kana zvichidiwa kunzwisisa pasina rubatsiro chikamu chinosvika 98%, zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakaongororwa zvinoda ruzivo rwemashoko rwuri pakati pehuwandu ihwohwo. Mazita chaiwo evanhu nenzvimbo pamwe nemabatirwo anoitwa zvimiro zvemashoko zvine ukama chikamu cheongororo yacho; hazvisi zvinhu zvokusiya pachinangwa chokudzidza chinonzi chinoshanda kumunhu wose. Nation, 2006
Imwe tsvakurudzo yekuverenga mashoko inoratidza kuti madimikira, mhuri dzemashoko nezvimiro zvawo zvakanyorwa zvinogona kupa nhamba dzakasiyana zvikuru. Kuwana mhuri dzemashoko 8,000 hakufananidzi zvakananga nekuwana madimikira 8,000 pamuedzo, uye haisi nhamba yemashoko ose ari muChirungu. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Ko 98% idanho remashiripiti rekunzwisisa here?
Schmitt, Jiang naGrabe vakaedza vanhu 661 vaibva munyika sere vachishandisa zvinyorwa zviviri. Vakaona kuti chikamu chemashoko aizivikanwa noukunzwisisa zvaifambirana zvishoma nezvishoma, pasina muganhu wakapinza apo kunzwisisa kwaibva kwangoerekana kwazara. Zvavakawana zvinotsigira 98% sechinangwa chinobatsira pakunzwisisa zvinyorwa zvedzidzo, kwete semuganhu wezvose kana kuti hapana. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Chii chinochikanganisa?
Nei mabhuku achisiyana
Nyaya yaunoziva, bhuku redzidzo rine mashoko akasarudzika, uye nganonyorwa yenhoroondo zvine mashoko akasiyana uye zvinotarisira kuti muverengi atoziva zvimwe zvinhu. Kufungidzira kwechikamu chemashoko hakubvisi kukosha kwegirama, kufungidzira zvinorehwa nezvisina kutaurwa zvakananga, kana ruzivo rwemusoro wenyaya pakunzwisisa. Tsvakurudzo yemamhanyiro ekuverenga inoratidzawo kuti kupfuura nemumashoko nokuanzwisisa zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019
Kuziva mashoko paunoaverenga ndiko kunotanga pakuziva zviri muchinyorwa, asi mudzidzi anogona kungoziva chikamu chezvinorehwa neshoko. Ongororo dzinosiyanisa kuziva shoko, kurirangarira uye kukwanisa kurishandisa dzinoratidza kuti kutara shoko kuti unoriziva hakuvimbisi kuti uchanzwisisa zvose zvarinoreva mundima. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Unogona here kutanga kuverenga uchiziva mashoko mashoma?
Hongu: fungidziro iyi inotaura nezvekuverenga pasina rubatsiro kwezvinyorwa zvakaongororwa, kwete mvumo yokuti uverenge. Mamiriro acho anosiyana kana ukasarudza zvinyorwa zviri nyore, ukawana rubatsiro kana kuva nezvinangwa zvakasiyana pakuverenga. Mudzidzi anoshandisa duramazwi ari kuita basa rakasiyana nerokuverenga pasina rubatsiro. Nhamba iyi inofanira kubatsira kusarudza zvokuverenga, kwete kukuodza mwoyo kuti usaverenge kusvikira muedzo waratidza nhamba yakati. Nation, 2006
Kusangana neshoko kakawanda kunogona kukubatsira kudzidza mativi akasiyana ezvaunoziva nezvaro, asi tsvakurudzo yekudzokorora haipi nhamba imwe chete yenguva dzinodiwa kuti shoko roga roga rizivikanwe zvakazara. Cherechedza kunzwisisa kwako nerubatsiro rwaunoda, pane kufunga kuti nhamba yakatarwa yemashoko achangobva kuzivikanwa inovimbisa kuverenga zvakanaka. Webb, 2007
Zvakadini nezera, bonde nemimwe mitauro?
Iyi iongororo yechikamu chezvinyorwa zveChirungu zvinonzwisisika, haisi chiyero chekugona kunoenderana nezera kana bonde. Mimwe mitauro inoverenga zvimiro zvemashoko nemhuri dzawo nenzira dzakasiyana, uye mhando dzezvinyorwa dzakasiyana dzinoda mashoko akasiyana. Kushandisa nhamba iyi mumitauro yose pasina kutanga waongorora zviyero zvacho kunopa humbowo uhwu simba rakawandisa kupfuura zvarinaro. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Mubvunzo unobatsira muupenyu ndewokuti unonzwisisa zvakadini bhuku racho nerubatsiro rwawasarudza. Muedzo wekuziva mashoko unogona kupa mamiriro, asi muedzo mupfupi wekunzwisisa mashoko ari mubhuku chairo ndiwo uri pedyo nechinangwa ichocho kupfuura muganhu mumwe chete wemashoko unonzi unoshanda kumunhu wose. SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004
Edza muedzo wemahara une chekuita nazvo
Muedzo wemashoko
Edza muedzo wemashoko kuti uone kuti unoziva mashoko eChirungu zvakadini, wozofunga nezvebhuku racho uye kunzwisisa kwako. Zvawanikwa pamuedzo hazvisi gwaro rinovimbisa kuti uchakwanisa kuverenga zvinyorwa zvose, uye chiyero chinoshandiswa kuverenga mashoko chinofanira kufanana nechinoshandiswa pakuenzanisa nezvimwe zvakabudiswa.
Mibvunzo yakajairika
Mhuri dzemashoko 8,000 dzakaenzana nemashoko 8,000 here?
Hazvina kufanana pamaitiro ose ekuverenga. Mhuri inobatanidza zvimiro zvemashoko zvine ukama, asi dimikira kana chimiro chakanyorwa chimwe nechimwe zviyero zvakasiyana. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Ko kunzwisisa 98% yezvinyorwa kunoreva kunzwisisa 98% yezviri kutaurwa here?
Kwete. Chikamu chemashoko chinoverenga kuti kangani paunoona mashoko aunoziva; kunzwisisa kunoda kuti unzwisise zviri muchinyorwa. Zviviri izvi hazvirevi chinhu chimwe chete. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Ndinofanira kumirira kusvikira ndaziva mashoko akawanda kudaro here?
Ongororo iyi inotaura nezvekunzwisisa pasina rubatsiro kwezvimwe zvinyorwa. Haisi mutemo unorambidza kuverenga uchibatsirwa kana kuverenga mabhuku ari nyore ane mashoko mashoma pane huwandu ihwohwo. Nation, 2006
Manyuko
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Tinoziva Mashoko Mangani? Kufungidzira Kunoshanda Kwehukuru Hweruzivo Rwemashoko Zvichienderana Netsananguro Yeshoko, Kuwanda Kwekusangana Nemutauro uye Zera Revanhu Vanoongororwa.
- Nation (2006). Panodiwa Mashoko Akawanda Zvakadini Pakurava Nokuteerera?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Kuedza Kuziva Mashoko: Huwandu, Kusimba uye Kugona Kuchinja Kwekombiyuta.
- Webb (2008). L2: Hukuru Hweruzivo Rwemashoko Anonzwisiswa Neanoshandiswa Nevadzidzi Vemutauro Wechipiri.
- Webb (2007). Migumisiro Yekudzokorora Pakuziva Mashoko.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Mashoko Mangani Ari Muzvinyorwa zveChirungu Zvakadhindwa Zvinoshandiswa Muzvikoro?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Tinoverenga Mashoko Mangani Paminiti? Ongororo Nekubatanidzwa Kwezvakawanikwa Pamhanyiro Yekuverenga.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Chikamu Chemashoko Anozivikanwa Muchinyorwa Nokunzwisisa Zviri Kuverengwa.