Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Umqondo wesikhathi | Incazelo | Umkhawulo |
|---|---|---|
| Into yokuqala ehlosiwe | Into okufanele ikhethwe noma ibikwe | Imiyalelo yomsebenzi iyayichaza indima yayo |
| Into yesibili ehlosiwe ngemva cishe kuka-200–500 ms | Ngokuvamile kuba nzima ukuyibika | Ibanga lesikhathi elilinganisiwe ekuhlolweni |
| Into elandela ngokushesha | Kwezinye izindlela zokuhlola ingase ingathinteki kakhulu | Ukuhamba kwesikhathi akufani nokuvaleka okungaguquki okulula |
Ukuhlola kokuqala kukaRaymond nozakwabo, kanye nezibuyekezo ezalandela, kuhlola ukwethulwa okusheshayo kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokulandelana: izinto zilandelana ngesivinini, izinto ezihlosiwe zixutshwe neziphazamisi. Ibanga elilinganisiwe lincike ekulandelaneni nasekutheni ababambiqhaza kudingeka benzeni. Akusona isikhathi esijwayelekile esikalwa kuyo yonke imidlalo yokunaka. Raymond et al., 1992 Dux et al., 2009
Ingabe into yesibili ayibonwa nhlobo?
Umphumela wokuziphatha uwukuncipha kokubika into yesibili ehlosiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Imibono iyahluka ngokuthi kumayelana nokukhetha, ukufinyelela ekuqaphel eni, ukufakwa enkumbulweni yokusebenza, noma eminye imingcele yokucubungula. Izibuyekezo zihlola lobo bufakazi kunokuthi zithi konke ukwehluleka ukubika kubangelwa yiphutha elilodwa elenzeka ekuqaleni kokuzwa. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
Yingakho ukunemba kokubika, isikhathi sokuvela kwento ehlosiwe, kanye nemfuneko yokukhomba into yokuqala kubalulekile. Ukushintsha imiyalelo noma izinto ezivezwayo kungashintsha umphumela obonwayo. Kudingeka incazelo yomsebenzi ngaphambi kokuhumusha ibanga lama-millisecond. Raymond et al., 1992 Martens et al., 2009
Inkumbulo yokusebenza ihlobana kanjani nale ncazelo?
Ukukhetha nokugcina into yokuqala ehlosiwe kungaphazamisa ukucutshungulwa kwento elandelayo. Imibono yenkumbulo yokusebenza ihlukanisa izinqubo zokugcina nezokulawula, kanti isibuyekezo sikaCowan sixoxa ngomthamo ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile. Le mibono isiza ukwakha izincazelo; ayenzi lokhu kucima kwesikhashana kube isilinganiso esiqondile somthamo wonke wenkumbulo yomuntu. Baddeley, 2012 Cowan, 2001
Yini ekuthintayo?
Ingabe kuyafana nokuba nesikhathi esifushane sokunaka?
Cha. Ubunzima obungaphansi kwesekhondi bokubika izinto ezihlosiwe ezisondelene ngesikhathi buhlukile ekugcineni ukusebenza imizuzu. Ucwaningo lokunaka okuqhubekayo luhlola ukuguquguquka namaphutha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanti ukuhlola ukucima kwesikhashana kokunaka kushintsha isikhawu phakathi kwezehlakalo. Ukuzibiza kokubili ngokunaka akwenzi izilinganiso zakho zishintshaniseke. Esterman et al., 2013 Dux et al., 2009
Ukuhlaziywa okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi ngokuntuleka kokulala nakho kuhlukanisa izizinda nemiphumela eminingana yokuqonda. Ukwehluleka okwesikhashana emsebenzini wokunaka okuqhubekayo akukwazi ngokuzenzakalela ukuchazwa ngebanga lika-200–500 ms, futhi ukuphuthelwa yinto eyodwa ebonakala ngokushesha akufakazeli ukuntuleka kokulala noma ukuba nesimo esithile. Lim et al., 2010
Ingabe iminyaka nobulili bunikeza izilinganiso zomuntu siqu?
Izibuyekezo ezicashuniwe zichaza imiphumela yokuhlola nokwehluka kwezindlela zokuhlola, hhayi ishadi elijwayelekile lamaphesenti ngokweminyaka nangobulili lokuhlolwa okuku-inthanethi. Ukunikeza umuntu iminyaka yokunaka ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezimbalwa aziphuthele kungadinga ukuqinisekiswa okunganikezwa yile mithombo. Martens et al., 2009 Dux et al., 2009
Ukuthembeka nakho kungumbuzo ohlukile. Okutholwe ngendida yokuthembeka kukhombisa ukuthi umphumela ojwayelekile oqinile wokuqonda awuqinisekisi ukuthi isilinganiso sokwehluka kwabantu ngabanye sizohlala sizinzile. Umboniso omfushane awubi ngokuzenzakalela ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga noma kwezici zomuntu. Hedge et al., 2017
Yini ongayenza ngokutholakele ngendlela engokoqobo?
Kusebenzise ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ulwazi oluvela ngokusondelene ngesikhathi lungaphuthelwa ngisho nalapho umuntu ezama ukunaka. Ubufakazi abuqinisekisi umthetho ojwayelekile wokuhlukanisa ulwazi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, uhlelo lokuzilolonga oluqinisekisiwe, noma isimangalo sokuthi ukuprakthiza umdlalo wokunaka kwenza abantu bahlakaniphe kakhulu ngokujwayelekile. Lokho kungadinga ubufakazi obuqondile bokudluliseka komphumela. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
Uma uqhathanisa imisebenzi ngokungahlelekile, gcina izinga lokulandelana, izinto ezihlosiwe nezimfuneko zokubika zingashintshi, bese uhlola ukunemba kunokuqamba isilinganiso esisodwa sokululama. Umdlalo wokunaka wohlobo oluhlukile kufanele uchazwe njengomsebenzi ohlukile. Raymond et al., 1992 Hedge et al., 2017
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokugxila
Zama ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokugxila ukuze uhlole ukuphendula okuqhubekayo namaphutha. Lokhu akusikho ukuhlolwa kokucima kwesikhashana kokunaka okusebenzisa izinto ezihlosiwe ezibonakala zilandelana ngokushesha, ngakho amaphuzu akho awakwazi ukulinganisa ibanga lakho lomuntu siqu lika-200–500 ms. Ucwaningo luchaza isici esihlobene nokunaka, kodwa sisebenzisa isilinganiso esihlukile.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe lokhu kubangelwa ukucwayiza kwamehlo ami?
Leli gama lichaza umphumela ekusebenzeni kokubika izinto ezibonakalayo ezihlosiwe ngokushesha, alisho ukuthi kufanele ucwayize ngempela. Dux et al., 2009
Ingabe kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu unesikhathi sokunaka esingu-500 ms?
Cha. Ibanga lesikhathi elilinganisiwe limayelana nesikhathi esiphakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezihlosiwe ekuhlolweni okuthile, hhayi isikhathi umuntu angagxila ngaso. Martens et al., 2009
Ingabe umdlalo ovamile wokunaka ungakukala lokhu?
Umsebenzi ofanele kuphela, onezikhathi ezifanele zokuvela kwezinto ezihlosiwe nezimfuneko zokubika, ongahlola lowo mphumela. Amaphuzu okunaka okuqhubekayo ayisilinganiso esihlukile. Raymond et al., 1992 Esterman et al., 2013
Imithombo
- Dux et al. (2009). Ukucima kwesikhashana kokunaka: ukubuyekezwa kwedatha nemibono.
- Martens et al. (2009). Ukucima kwesikhashana kokunaka: okwedlule, okukhona nekusasa lendawo engabonakali ekuqaphel eni.
- Raymond et al. (1992). Ukucindezeleka kwesikhashana kokucutshungulwa kokubonwayo emsebenzini we-RSVP: ukucima kwesikhashana kokunaka?.
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo yokusebenza: imibono, amamodeli nezingxabano.
- Cowan (2001). Inombolo yomlingo engu-4 enkumbulweni yesikhashana: ukubuyekezwa komthamo wokugcina engqondweni.
- Esterman et al. (2013). Ukugxila ngokuphelele noma ukuphazamiseka? Ukulandelela ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha nobuchopho ngesikhathi sokunaka okuqhubekayo.
- Lim et al. (2010). Ukuhlaziywa okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi komthelela wokuntuleka kokulala kwesikhashana ezilinganisweni zokuqonda..
- Hedge et al. (2017). Indida yokuthembeka: kungani imisebenzi yokuqonda eqinile ingakhiqizi izilinganiso ezithembekile zokwehluka kwabantu ngabanye.