Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Isibonelo sokunemba kombhalo wokugcina | Izinhlamvu ezingalungile ku-1,000 | Incazelo |
|---|---|---|
| 99% | 10 | Isibonelo sezibalo, akusona isilinganiso esinconyiwe |
| 98% | 20 | Amaphutha asele aphindwe kabili kunaku-99% |
| 95% | 50 | Amaphutha asele aphindwe kahlanu kunaku-99% |
Lezi zibonelo zisebenzisa incazelo elula yokunemba kwezinhlamvu zombhalo wokugcina. Ucwaningo lwangempela lungasebenzisa ibanga elincane lokushintsha uchungechunge ukuze kubalwe izinhlamvu ezifakiwe, ezishiyiwe noma ezifakwe esikhundleni. Ngakho lezi zibonelo akufanele zithathwe njengokuphindaphinda indlela yokulinganisa esetshenziswa yiwo wonke amasayithi. Izincwadi zokulinganisa zichaza ukuthi kungani amaphuzu kufanele acacise umbhalo obuhlosiwe nophawuliwe. Soukoreff et al., 2003 Soukoreff et al., 2001
Amaphutha asele nalawo alungisiwe awafani
Umuntu owenza amaphutha amaningi kodwa awalungise wonke angagcina enombhalo onembile, kodwa achithe isikhathi esiningi ewulungisa. Umuntu oshiya amaphutha angase abonakale eshesha kodwa akhiqize umbhalo ongasetshenziswa kahle. Ngakho izinga lamaphutha okugcina, umzamo wokulungisa kanye nezinga lokufaka umbhalo kuphendula imibuzo ehlukene. Soukoreff et al., 2003
Isethi yedatha yekhompyutha ibika kokubili amaphutha angalungiswanga nezilinganiso ezihlobene nokulungisa. Ngokuvamile, ababambiqhaza abashesha babenamaphutha ambalwa, kodwa ucwaningo lwalubheka okwenzekayo kuphela. Alukhombisi ukuthi ukuphoqa wonke umuntu ukuba athayiphe ngokushesha kuzomenza anembe kakhudlwana, noma ukuthi ukwehlisa ijubane ngenani elingaguquki kubangela ukuthuthuka okuthile. Dhakal et al., 2018
Kungani lingekho iphesenti elifanele wonke umuntu
Izindleko zephutha zincike emsebenzini nokuthi kwenzekani ngemva kwawo. Ukuhlolwa kokuloba umbhalo kunikeza umbhalo ozokopishwa; ukubhala noma ukuhlela kuhilela nezinye izinqumo. Izibuyekezo eziyisisekelo zocwaningo lokuthayipha nokufaka umbhalo zihlukanisa lezi zingxenye zomsebenzi futhi zichaza ukuthi kungani amazinga atholakala endaweni eyodwa engadluliselwa ngokuqondile kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Salthouse, 1986 MacKenzie and Soukoreff, 2002
Ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri luphinde lwathola umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokuthayipha umbhalo ojwayelekile nochungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezingahleliwe, ngisho nakubantu abanolwazi. Ukujwayelana nesiqephu sombhalo kuyingxenye yalokho okukalwa amaphuzu. Irekhodi lakho elihle kakhulu ohlwini lwamagama alula alisho ukuthi uzokwenza ngokufanayo embhalweni ogcwele izimpawu zokubhala. Feit et al., 2016
Yini ekuthintayo?
Usizo lwedivayisi lushintsha indlela yokuhumusha imiphumela
Ukulungisa okuzenzakalelayo kungashintsha umbhalo ngaphandle kokuba uhlamvu ngalunye luhambisane nohlamvu olulodwa oluthayiphiwe; ukuqagela amagama kungafaka igama lonke. Ucwaningo lomakhalekhukhwini luxoxa ngokusobala ngemikhawulo yalokho ezilinganisweni zamaphutha ezibalwa ngokuchofoza izinkinobho. Ukuqhathanisa ukuthayipha ocingweni olusizwa yilezi zici nokuthayipha kukhompyutha ngaphandle kosizo, kube sengathi amaphesenti ako okunemba ayafana, kungafihla umehluko obalulekile. Palin et al., 2019
Iyiphi indlela yokuzijwayeza enengqondo?
Sebenzisa umsebenzi ofanayo bese uqopha ijubane kanye nesilinganiso samaphutha esifanele. Ukuze uziqaphe, qhathanisa izikhathi zokuzijwayeza ezineziqephu zombhalo ezingajwayelekile nezinobunzima obufanayo, kunokukhetha umzamo owodwa kuphela. Lesi isincomo sendlela yokulinganisa, asisho ukuthi kunesikhathi esifanele sokuziqeqesha. Ubufakazi ngomlando wokuzijwayeza kwabantu abathayipha nsuku zonke busekela ikhono eliqondene nomsebenzi othile, kodwa abunqumi isilinganiso esisodwa sokuzijwayeza ijubane nokuqinisekisa ukunemba esisebenza kuwo wonke umuntu. Keith et al., 2007 MacKenzie and Soukoreff, 2002
Uma umzamo osheshayo ushiya amaphutha amaningi, chaza lokho njengokushintshisana phakathi kwejubane nokunemba, hhayi njengokuthuthuka okungenamibandela. Uma ukunemba kokugcina kuhlala kunjalo kodwa umzamo wokulungisa wehla, nalokho kuwulwazi oluwusizo. Injongo yokusebenzisa izilinganiso eziningi ukwenza ushintsho lubonakale, kunokufingqa yonke imiphumela ibe inombolo eyodwa etusekayo. Soukoreff et al., 2003 Soukoreff et al., 2001
Ukuthuthuka kufanele kuchazwe nasezingeni elihloliwe. Ukuthayipha kangcono kuyikhono eliwusizo; izifundo zekhibhodi ezicashuniwe aziguquli i-WPM noma ukunemba kube isilinganiso sobuhlakani, sokuphazamiseka kokunaka noma sokuthuthuka kwamakhono okucabanga jikelele. Iziphetho zazo zimayelana nokufaka umbhalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezichaziwe. Dhakal et al., 2018 Feit et al., 2016
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kwejubane lokuthayipha
Zama ukuhlolwa kwejubane lokuthayipha bese ubheka ijubane, ukunemba nendlela yokufaka umbhalo ndawonye. Uma uzilandelela, gcina izilungiselelo zosizo nohlobo lwesiqephu sombhalo kufana. Umphumela owusizo yilowo ongawuchaza, kuhlanganise namaphutha awo.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe ukunemba okungu-100% kuhlala kungcono kakhulu?
Kuhle ukuba umbhalo wokugcina ulungile, kodwa lezi zifundo azibeki umgomo owodwa ofanele wokuziqeqesha ongacabangi ngejubane, umzamo wokulungisa nezidingo zomsebenzi. Soukoreff et al., 2003
Ingabe ukulungisa iphutha lokuthayipha kususa izindleko zalo?
Kungasusa iphutha lokugcina, kodwa kusadla izinkinobho nesikhathi. Yingakho umzamo wokulungisa uyisilinganiso esihlukile. Soukoreff et al., 2001
Ngingaqhathanisa ukunemba phakathi kwamawebhusayithi?
Yebo kuphela ngemva kokuhlola ukuthi ngalinye liwachaza kanjani amaphutha, libala umbhalo futhi liphatha kanjani ukulungisa. Amaphesenti alinganayo angase asekelwe ezindleleni ezihlukene zokulinganisa. Soukoreff et al., 2003
Imithombo
- Dhakal et al. (2018). Okuphawulwe ngokuthayipha kusetshenziswa ukuchofoza izinkinobho eziyizigidi ezingu-136.
- Palin et al. (2019). Abantu bathayipha kanjani kumadivayisi aphathwayo?.
- Feit et al. (2016). Sithayipha kanjani.
- Soukoreff et al. (2003). Izilinganiso zocwaningo lokufaka umbhalo.
- Soukoreff et al. (2001). Ukulinganisa amaphutha emisebenzini yokufaka umbhalo.
- MacKenzie and Soukoreff (2002). Ukufaka umbhalo kumadivayisi aphathwayo: amamodeli nezindlela, umbono nokwenza.
- Salthouse (1986). Izici zokubona, zokuqonda nezezimoto ekulobeni umbhalo ngokuthayipha..
- Keith et al. (2007). Incazelo yokuzijwayeza okuhleliwe ngobungoti bokuthayipha kwabantu abathayipha nsuku zonke..