Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Umsebenzi oshicilelwe | Isampula | Isikhathi esimaphakathi esilinganisiwe |
|---|---|---|
| Ukusabela okulula kokubona, i-Experiment 1 ka-Woods | Abantu abadala abangu-1,469, abaneminyaka engu-18–65 | 231 ms |
| Ukusabela kokukhetha okubonakalayo, i-Experiment 1 ka-Woods | Abantu abadala abangu-1,466, abaneminyaka engu-18–65 | 550 ms |
| Umsebenzi wokukhetha, iqembu elineminyaka engu-18–24 | Abahlanganyeli abangu-86 | 472 ms |
| Umsebenzi wokukhetha, iqembu elineminyaka engu-59–65 | Abahlanganyeli abangu-246 | 590 ms |
Izibalo zomsebenzi olula zisesifinyezweni sesampula yawo; amaqembu obudala kanye nezilinganiso zomsebenzi wokukhetha zikwiThebula 2. Lezi zifundo zisebenzisa indawo yocwaningo efanayo kodwa zinezinto ezivusayo nezimfuneko zomsebenzi ezingafani. Ukususa izilinganiso zazo eziphelele kuwukubala okuchazayo, akusona isilinganiso esihlanzekile sesigaba esisodwa sokucubungula kwengqondo. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015
Yini eshintshayo uma kwenezelwa ukukhetha?
Emsebenzini olula, umuntu obambe iqhaza angalungiselela ukwenza ukunyakaza okufanayo ngaphambi kwesignali ngasinye. Umsebenzi wokukhetha udinga ukubona ukuthi yini evelile bese uyixhumanisa nesenzo esithile. Ucwaningo lwakudala luka-Hick no-Hyman luhlobanisa isikhathi sokuphendula nolwazi oluqukethwe yizindlela ongakhetha kuzo, kuhlanganise nenani lazo namathuba okuba kuvele izignali ezithile. Hick, 1952 Hyman, 1953
Yingakho umuntu engaphendula ngokushesha ekukhanyeni kodwa adinge isikhathi esengeziwe ukuze akhethe umnyakazo ofanele emdlalweni. Akukho kuphikisana: le misebenzi ibuza imibuzo ehlukene. Umsebenzi wokukhetha waselabhorethri ubuye ulawule ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezitholakalayo, okuyinto umdlalo wangempela noma isimo sokushayela esingeke sincishiswe ibe yisilinganiso esisodwa sesikhathi sokusabela esisebenza kuzo zonke izimo. Woods et al., 2015
Kufanele kuhunyushwe kanjani ubudala nobulili?
Amanani amaqembu obudala angenhla avela kusampula eqhathanisa abantu abaneminyaka ehlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, hhayi ekulandeleni abantu abafanayo amashumi eminyaka. Avela ngesimo salo msebenzi kodwa awakwazi ukubikezela ukuthi amaphuzu omuntu oyedwa azoshintsha kangakanani unyaka nonyaka. Futhi awaqinisekisi amaphesenti okubekwa phakathi kwabanye abasebenzisa isiphequluli ngokweminyaka, noma ukulungiswa okungaguquki ngokobulili. Lokho kungadinga ukusebenzisa inqubo efanayo kanye nezilinganiso ezifanele. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015
Yini ekuthintayo?
Ukubala amaphuzu kubheka amaphutha kanye nejubane
Ukuqagela ngokushesha kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuphendula kodwa kwandise amaphutha. Ngakho umsebenzi wokukhetha kufanele ucacise ukuthi yini ebalwa njengempendulo efanele, ukungaphenduli noma ukuphendula ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sezimpendulo ezifanele asinakuhunyushwa ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi ukunemba kushintshile yini. Ucwaningo luka-Woods lomsebenzi wokukhetha lubika imiphumela eminingana kunokuthatha isikhathi sokuphendula njengencazelo ephelele yokusebenza. Woods et al., 2015
Izimpendulo ezishesha kakhulu noma ezihamba kancane kakhulu, kanye nendlela okusingathwa ngayo izivivinyo ezingaphendulwanga, nakho kungashintsha isifinyezo. Indlela yokusingatha amanani aphambuka kakhulu iyingxenye yencazelo yamaphuzu; amawebhusayithi amabili anemithetho ehlukene angakhipha amanani angafani ekuziphatheni okufanayo. Ratcliff, 1993
Kungani imiphumela eku-inthanethi yehluka kweyetafuleni
Izikrini, amadivayisi okufaka imininingwane nezinhlelo zesiphequluli zinezazo izikhathi zokubambezeleka nokungaguquguquki kwesikhathi. Ukuqhathanisa kokuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izitembu zesikhathi zesofthiwe ezinembayo azikuqedi lokho kwehluka. Ukuqhathanisa umsebenzi wokukhetha ocingweni nomsebenzi olula osebenzisa igundane kuhlanganisa ukukhetha impendulo nokwehluka kwemishini nokunyakaza. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020
Ukuze uqhathanise ngendlela ewusizo engekho emthethweni, sebenzisa imishini efanayo futhi ufunde imiyalelo yayo yomibili imisebenzi. Lindela umehluko oqondene nomsebenzi othile, kunokuthatha noma iyiphi inombolo njengesilinganiso sejubane esijwayelekile. Ucwaningo lokuthembeka luphinde luxwayise ngokuthi umphumela omkhulu omaphakathi womsebenzi awusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi umehluko wamaphuzu omuntu uyisici esizinzile. Hedge et al., 2017
Ukuzijwayeza kungasiza umuntu ajwayelane kangcono nokuxhumanisa izisusa nezimpendulo. Lokho kungaba ukufunda kwangempela kwalowo msebenzi ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthuthuka okujwayelekile ekwenzeni izinqumo. Umphumela owusizo ngokwesayensi ukuthuthuka ekwenzeni inqubo echazwe ngokucacile, kubalwa amaphutha ayo nezimo eyenzeke kuzo. Woods et al., 2015 Hick, 1952
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokusabela
Qala ngokuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokusabela ukuze ubone umsebenzi wokuphendula olula. Uma uzama nokuhlolwa okusekelwe ekukhetheni okufana nokuhlolwa kwe-Stroop, qhathanisa imiyalelo nezimfuneko zokunemba zako ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa izikhathi. Lo mehluko awusona isilinganiso esiqinisekisiwe sobuhlakani bakho noma ikhono lakho lokwenza izinqumo.
Imibuzo evamile
Imuphi umsebenzi oseduze kakhulu nokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo?
Imidlalo ivame ukudinga ukukhetha, ukubikezela nokunyakaza. Umsebenzi olawulwayo wokukhetha ulinganisa isici esisodwa, kodwa awukho kule misebenzi oyisivivinyo esiphelele sokusebenza emidlalweni. Woods et al., 2015
Ingabe ukuphinda kabili inani lezinketho kuphinda kabili isikhathi sokusabela?
Okutholwe ocwaningweni lwakudala kumayelana nolwazi oluqukethwe ezindleleni ongakhetha kuzo, hhayi umthetho ojwayelekile wokuphinda kabili. Ukuxhumanisa izinketho nezimpendulo, amathuba kanye nokwakheka komsebenzi kunendima. Hick, 1952 Hyman, 1953
Ngingawasusa yini amaphuzu ami ukuze ngilinganise isikhathi sokucabanga?
Ukususa kuhlanganisa umehluko wemisebenzi nowokulinganisa ngaphandle uma indlela yokuhlola iwulawule. Akusona ngokuzenzakalelayo isilinganiso esihlanzekile sesigaba sokucubungula kwengqondo. Woods et al., 2015 Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time.
- Woods et al. (2015). Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task.
- Hick (1952). On the Rate of Gain of Information.
- Hyman (1953). Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time..
- Ratcliff (1993). Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers..
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Realistic precision and accuracy of online experiment platforms, web browsers, and devices.
- Bridges et al. (2020). The timing mega-study: comparing a range of experiment generators, both lab-based and online.
- Hedge et al. (2017). The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences.