Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Uhlobo lomsebenzi | Okucelwayo | Okusekelwa yimpendulo eyiyo |
|---|---|---|
| Ukuqaphela | Ukuhlonza noma ukuqaphela igama noma incazelo | Ulwazi olwamukelayo ngaphansi kwalowo mbuzo |
| Ukukhumbula ngokusizwa umkhondo noma ukukhiqiza | Ukukhumbula indlela igama elakhiwe ngayo noma incazelo kusetshenziswa umkhondo | Ikhono elinamandla lokukhumbula ngaphansi kwalowo msebenzi |
| Ukukhuluma ngokungazilungiseleli | Ukukhetha nokusebenzisa ulimi esimweni esithile | Ukusebenza okubandakanya ulwazi lwamagama namanye amakhono |
Ucwaningo lukaWebb lusebenzisa izindlela zokuhumusha ezifanayo zokuhlola ulwazi olwamukelayo nolukhiqizayo, lwabe selulinganisa izimpendulo ngokwamazinga ahlukene olwazi. Okutholakele akusho ukuthi kunesilinganiso esingaguquki sesilulumagama esisebenzayo nesisamukelayo. Ikakhulukazi, umehluko phakathi kokubala ulwazi oluyingxenye noluphelele ubonisa ukuthi incazelo yokwazi igama iyashintsha indlela obonakala ngayo umehluko. Webb, 2008
Kungani ukuqaphela kungase kubonakale kulula
Umbuzo unganikeza ulwazi umsebenzi wokukhumbula ngaphandle kosizo ongenalo. ULaufer noGoldstein bahlukanisa ulwazi lwamagama ngokwamandla nangendlela yokuhlola, okubandakanya ukuqaphela nokukhumbula. Lolu hlaka lusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukukhetha incazelo oyijwayele kungafani nokukhiqiza igama ngokushesha engxoxweni. Laufer et al., 2004
Ubukhulu besilulumagama bubuye buncike ekutheni kubalwa luphi uhlobo lweyunithi. Ucwaningo olukhulu ngesilulumagama sesiNgisi luhlukanisa amagama abhaliwe ahlukene, iziqu zamagama nemindeni yamagama ayisisekelo. Ukwazi izimo eziningana eziguquliwe zegama akusho ngempela ukwazi inani elifanayo lamayunithi amagama azimele. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Ingabe isilulumagama esikhulu esamukelayo siyasiza ekufundeni?
Singasiza ekwenzeni ingxenye enkulu yombhalo iqondakale, kodwa ukumbozwa kwamagama akusona isilinganiso esiphelele sokuqonda. UNation uhlaziya ukuthi imindeni yamagama emingaki emboza okubhaliwe nokukhulunywayo, kanti uSchmitt nozakwabo bathola ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo phakathi kokumbozwa ngamagama aziwayo nokuqonda. Akukho kushintsha okuzenzakalelayo okusuka enanini lesilulumagama kuye ekuqondeni okuphelele. Nation, 2006 SCHMITT et al., 2011
Yini ekuthintayo?
Kungani kufanele kuchazwe ngokucophelela ukuchayeka nokuzijwayeza
Ucwaningo lukaWebb lokuphindaphinda luhlola indlela ukuhlangana okuphindaphindiwe namagama okuthinta ngayo izici ezihlukene zolwazi lwamagama. Lusekela ukuhlukanisa ukufunda okuyingxenye nokufunda okujulile, kodwa alunqumi inani elingaguquki lezikhathi okumele liphindwe igama ukuze litholakale njalo enkulumweni ezenzakalelayo. Ubunzima begama, umongo nomsebenzi wokufunda kusabalulekile. Webb, 2007
Ucwaningo ngobukhulu besilulumagama lubika ukuhlobana neminyaka yobudala nemfundo, futhi luxoxa ngokuchayeka okuqongelelekile njengencazelo. Le mikhuba ebonwe ocwaningweni akufanele iphinde ichazwe njengezinga lomuntu siqu lokufunda lansuku zonke elilinganisiwe noma njengesithembiso sokuthi ukufunda inani elithile kuzokwandisa isilulumagama esisebenzayo ngenani elinqunyiwe. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kuthiwani ngobudala, ubulili nolimi?
Umehluko phakathi kokuqaphela nokukhiqiza usebenza endleleni yokwakha imisebenzi yokuhlola, kodwa izifundo zabafundi ezicashuniwe azinikezi isilinganiso esivamile esilungiselwe iminyaka yobudala noma ubulili. Ukuba ulimi lokuqala, izinga lolwazi lolimi nesampula yamagama ekhethiwe kuyayishintsha indlela yokuhumusha imiphumela. Izilinganiso zesiNgisi akufanele zisetshenziswe zingashintshi kwezinye izilimi ezinezindlela ezihlukile zokwakha amagama nemithetho yokubala. Webb, 2008 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Isivinini sokufunda naso siyahlukahluka ngokolwazi lolimi nenjongo. Umphumela wokufunda kancane noma ukukhuluma ngokungabaza akunakuchazwa ngokuphelele ngesilinganiso esisodwa sobukhulu besilulumagama. Ukuqonda nokukhiqiza kudinga ezinye izinqubo zengqondo. Brysbaert, 2019 SCHMITT et al., 2011
Yini ongayilinganisa ngokwangempela?
Sebenzisa umsebenzi ohambisana nombuzo. Imibuzo yokuqaphela ingalandelela ukuqaphela ngokwemikhondo yayo; umsebenzi wokukhiqiza uyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukukhumbula amagama esimweni esihlolwayo. Ukuqhathanisa lokhu okubili kudinga okuqukethwe okuqhathanisekayo nemithetho yokulinganisa ecacile. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Ukuzijwayeza ukukhumbula kungasiza uma umgomo uwukukhumbula, kodwa lezi zifundo azihlinzeki ngohlelo oluqinisekisiwe lokuthuthukisa ukukhuluma ngokushelelayo. Umphumela onokwethenjelwa uwukuthuthuka esicini esithile solwazi lwegama, hhayi isimangalo sokuthi isilinganiso esisodwa solwazi olwamukelayo simele konke ongakusho, ukukuqonda noma ukukukhumbula. Webb, 2007 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwamagama
Zama ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwamagama njengomsebenzi wokuqaphela amagama, bese ufunda incazelo yendlela yokubala nokulinganisa. Akulinganisi lonke ulwazi lwakho lwamagama olusebenzayo ekukhulumeni futhi akubikezeli isilinganiso esingaguquki phakathi kokuqaphela nokukhiqiza.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe isilulumagama esamukelayo sihlala siphindwe kabili kunesisetshenziswayo?
Asikho isilinganiso esivamile esiqinisekisiwe. Umehluko obonakalayo uyashintsha kuye ngamagama, indlela yokwenza umsebenzi nezinga lolwazi oludingekayo. Webb, 2008
Ingabe ukuqaphela igama kusho ukuthi ngilazi ngokugcwele?
Kusekela ulwazi oludingwa yilowo mbuzo. Ukulikhumbula, ukuqonda ukujula kwencazelo nokulisebenzisa esimweni esithile kungadinga olunye ulwazi. Laufer et al., 2004
Ingabe isilinganiso solwazi lwamagama sizobikezela ukuqonda engikufundayo?
Singanikeza umongo, kodwa ukumbozwa ngamagama aziwayo nokuqonda kuyizilinganiso ezihlobene kodwa ezingafani. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Imithombo
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Mangaki amagama esiwaziyo? Izilinganiso ezingokoqobo zobukhulu besilulumagama kuye ngencazelo yegama, izinga lokuchayeka olimini neminyaka yobudala yabahlanganyeli.
- Nation (2006). Kudingeka isilulumagama esingakanani ukuze kufundwe futhi kulalelwe?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Ukuhlola ulwazi lwamagama: ubukhulu, amandla nokuzivumelanisa nekhompyutha.
- Webb (2008). L2: Ubukhulu besilulumagama esamukelayo nesikhiqizayo sabafundi bolimi lwesibili.
- Webb (2007). Imiphumela yokuphindaphinda olwazini lwamagama.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Mangaki amagama akhona esiNgisini esiphrintiwe sezincwadi zesikole?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Mangaki amagama esiwafunda ngomzuzu? Ukubuyekezwa nokuhlaziywa okuhlanganisiwe kwejubane lokufunda.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Iphesenti lamagama aziwayo embhalweni nokuqonda okufundwayo.