Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Isibonelo | Inani | Okuboniswa yikho |
|---|---|---|
| Indlela ka-Woods yokusabela okulula | Izivivinyo zokuzilolonga ezingu-20, ezokuhlola ezingu-120 | Indlela eyodwa eshicilelwe, akulona inani eliphansi elisebenza kuzo zonke izimo |
| Isibalo esiyisibonelo sezivivinyo ezizimele | Izivivinyo eziphindwe ka-4 | Yehlisa iphutha elijwayelekile libe uhhafu uma ukuguquguquka kuhlala kungashintshi |
| Ucwaningo lwakudala lokuthembeka | Ezingu-18 zokusabela okulula, ezingu-30 zokukhetha okubili | Zanele ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zalolo cwaningo |
Lezi zibalo zakudala zithathwe ku-Hamsher no-Benton, isifinyezo sabo esibeka ngokusobala ukuthi isiphetho sisebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zocwaningo. Akufanele zisetshenziswe njengomthetho wokuqinisekisa umdlalo wesimanje osebenza esipheqululini. Ukuthembeka kumayelana nokuthi amaphuzu achazwe kahle ayaphindeka yini; amandla okuhlola wona amayelana nethuba lokuthola umphumela ochaziwe. Le mibuzo iyahlobana, kodwa ayifani. de S. Hamsher et al., 1977 Miller, 2023
Kungani ukuphinda umsebenzi ofanayo kusiza
Uma izivivinyo bezizimele futhi zinokuguquguquka okungashintshi, iphutha elijwayelekile lesilinganiso sazo belingalingana nokuchezuka okujwayelekile kwesivivinyo esisodwa kuhlukaniswe ngempande eyisikwele yenani lezivivinyo. Isibonelo sokuphindaphinda kane sisuselwa kule fomula. Izivivinyo zangempela zingaphula le mibandela ngoba abantu bayafunda, bayakhathala noma bashintshe indlela abenza ngayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubala inani lezivivinyo kuyimodeli, akusona isiqinisekiso sokuthi amaphuzu omuntu azohlala ezinzile. Miller, 2023
Ukuhlaziywa kwesimanje kwenani lezivivinyo kubonisa nokuthi imiphumela ingashintsha ngokuzilolonga. Izivivinyo ezengeziwe azimane zikhiqize izifaniso eziningi zesivivinyo sokuqala esingashintshi. Uhlelo locwaningo kufanele lukhethe umphumela elizowukala futhi lucabangele indlela umsebenzi owenza ngayo phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlola. Miller, 2023
Ufuna hlobo luni lokuthembeka?
Ukungaguquguquki phakathi nokuzama kanye akufani nokungaguquguquki phakathi kwezinsuku noma nokungaguquguquki kokuhleleka kwabantu ngokwamaphuzu. Ucwaningo ngendida yokuthembeka lubonisa ukuthi imisebenzi ingaveza imiphumela eqinile yeqembu kodwa ibe nokuthembeka okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa umehluko phakathi kwabantu. Umphumela omkhulu ojwayelekile we-Stroop noma wokusabela awusho ngokuzenzakalela ukuthi amaphuzu okuhlola okufushane afanele ukunikeza umuntu iphesenti lesikhundla sakhe. Hedge et al., 2017
Yini ekuthintayo?
Izilinganiso zencazelo, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane ziphendula imibuzo ehlukene
Impendulo eshesha kakhulu ilinganisela isici esihlukile sokusebenza kunesilinganiso sencazelo. Ithinteka kakhulu enanini lamathuba ozinika wona. Izimpendulo ezihamba kancane kakhulu zingakhuphula isilinganiso sencazelo, kanti ukuzisusa ngaphandle komthetho obekiwe kusengaphambili kungachemisa umphumela. Ucwaningo lwezimpendulo zesikhathi sokusabela eziphambuka kakhulu luyisizathu sokugcina imithetho yokubala amaphuzu ingashintshi ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa imizamo. Ratcliff, 1993
Ucwaningo ngokulala lubonisa ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukukhetha umphumela ofanele: abacwaningi bokuhlala beqaphile kwengqondo nomzimba bahlukanisa izimpendulo ezihamba kancane nokuphuthelwa yizimpendulo nezilinganiso eziyinhloko zesikhathi sokusabela. Akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi umdlalo omfushane wokukhetha umphumela omuhle kunayo yonke ezilinganisweni ezimbalwa uthola ukuba sengozini yokulahlekelwa ubuthongo ngendlela efanayo nomsebenzi odinga ukuqapha isikhathi eside. Basner et al., 2011
Yini eshintsha inani lezivivinyo elibonakala lidingeka?
Ukuntengantenga kwezikhathi ezibangelwa idivayisi kwengeza ukuguquguquka, kanti ukubambezeleka okuqhubekayo kwedivayisi kwengeza ukuchema. Izivivinyo ezengeziwe zingasiza kokokuqala kodwa azikwazi ukulungisa ukubambezeleka kwesibili ngokulinganisa. Ukuhlolwa kwezikhathi kanye nemiphumela yokulinganisa kwaselabhorethri kokubili kusekela ukuhlukanisa le mithombo yamaphutha. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020 Woods et al., 2015
Uma ulandelela nje ngokungahlelekile, khetha indlela ongayilawula, usebenzise inani elifanayo lemizamo njalo, futhi ubhale yonke imizamo eqediwe kunokubhala amarekhodi akho angcono kuphela. Kuthathe njengendlela yokuqhathanisa, hhayi njengomyalo oqinisekisiwe wenani elincane elithile. Uma inhloso kuyiphesenti lesikhundla sesayensi, umsebenzi udinga isampula evamile emele abantu kanye nokukalwa kokuthembeka, ngaphezu kwenani elanele lezivivinyo. Hedge et al., 2017 Miller, 2023
Ubudala, ukuzilungiselela nokulala nakho kungashintsha ukusebenza phakathi nezikhathi zokuhlola noma phakathi kwazo. Ukugcina izimo zifana ngokusemandleni kwenza kube lula ukuhumusha ukuqhathanisa, kodwa akukho kulinganisa izimo okuguqula umphumela wesiphequluli ube ukuhlolwa komtholampilo. Woods et al., 2015 Basner et al., 2011
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokusabela
Zama ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokusabela usebenzisa imiyalelo efanayo nendlela efanayo yokufaka impendulo njalo. Umphumela waso omfushane uwusizo ekuhloleni lo msebenzi. Indlela yocwaningo esebenzisa izivivinyo ezingu-120 iyisibonelo sendlela yokulinganisa, akuwona umyalelo wokuphinda lo mdlalo uze uthole amaphuzu athile.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe imizamo emihlanu yanele?
Ingabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwa kanjani, kodwa ukuthembeka kwayo ekuqhathaniseni komuntu othile kufanele kuhlolwe. Awukho umthetho othi imizamo emihlanu yanele kuzo zonke izivivinyo zesikhathi sokusabela. Hedge et al., 2017
Ingabe kufanele ngisebenzise umphumela wami oshesha kakhulu?
Yebo kuphela uma lowo kungumphumela onqume ukuwulandelela. Ukwandisa inani lemizamo kwandisa nethuba lokuthola impendulo eshesha ngokungavamile. Ratcliff, 1993
Ingabe idatha eyengeziwe ihlale isho ukuhlolwa okungcono?
Akunjalo ngokuzenzakalela. Inani lezivivinyo, inani labahlanganyeli, ukuzilolonga, indlela yokubala amaphuzu nomphumela ocwaningwayo konke kubalulekile. Miller, 2023
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2015). Izinto ezithinta ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokusabela okulula.
- Miller (2023). Bangaki Abahlanganyeli? Zingaki Izivivinyo? Ukwandisa Amandla Ezifundo Zesikhathi Sokusabela.
- de S. Hamsher et al. (1977). Ukuthembeka Kwezilinganiso Zesikhathi Sokusabela.
- Hedge et al. (2017). Indida yokuthembeka: Kungani imisebenzi yokuqonda ethembekile emaqenjini ingavezi umehluko othembekile phakathi kwabantu.
- Ratcliff (1993). Izindlela zokubhekana nezimpendulo zesikhathi sokusabela eziphambuka kakhulu.
- Basner et al. (2011). Ukwandisa ukuzwela kokuhlolwa kokuqapha kwengqondo nomzimba ekulahlekelweni ubuthongo.
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Ukunemba okungokoqobo kwamapulatifomu okuhlola aku-inthanethi, iziphequluli zewebhu namadivayisi.
- Bridges et al. (2020). Ucwaningo olukhulu lwezikhathi: ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuluzi okukhiqiza izivivinyo, awaselabhorethri nawaku-inthanethi.