Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Indlela yokulinganisa ocwaningweni olufanayo | Isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokuya phambili | Isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokuhlehla |
|---|---|---|
| Inani eliphakeme ngomthetho ovamile wokumisa | Izinombolo ezingu-6.35 | Izinombolo ezingu-4.61 |
| Inani eliphakeme kulo lonke uhlolo olubanzi | Izinombolo ezingu-6.77 | Izinombolo ezingu-5.19 |
| Isilinganiso esiguquguqukayo senani elikhunjulwayo | Izinombolo ezingu-6.52 | Izinombolo ezingu-4.91 |
Ithebula 6 likaWoods nozakwabo libika la manani. Izinombolo zethulwe ngokuzwakalayo kusetshenziswa inqubo yekhompyutha. Umdlalo obonakalayo oveza inombolo yonke usebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile zokwethula nokukhumbula, ngakho la manani awawona amazinga ajwayelekile emiphumela ye-Helibrain. Ngisho nangaphakathi kulolu cwaningo, ukushintsha indlela yokulinganisa kushintsha ubude benkumbulo obubonakalayo. Woods et al., 2010
Ukwengeza ini ukuhlehlisa ukulandelana?
Ukukhumbula okuya phambili kudinga ukugcina izinto nokulandelana kwazo. Ukukhumbula okuhlehla kushintsha ukulandelana kwempendulo okudingekayo, futhi kungase kudinge amanye amasu okucubungula noma okubuyisa ulwazi. Amamodeli enkumbulo yokusebenza ahlukanisa ukugcina kwesikhashana nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula noma ukuguqula okugcinwe engqondweni; awabheki yonke imisebenzi njengokufunda ngokuqondile okuqukethwe kwesitsha esisodwa. Baddeley, 2012 Conway et al., 2005
Lokhu akusho ukuthi umehluko phakathi kokuhlehla nokuya phambili uyisilinganiso esimsulwa somsebenzi wokulawula nokuhlela kwengqondo. Iphepha lokuhlola ubude benkumbulo yezinombolo libonisa ukuthi ukunemba kokulinganisa kuyawuthinta lowo mqhathaniso. Amasu, izinhlobo zamaphutha nomthetho wokumisa konke kunomthelela kulokho okushiwo umehluko. Woods et al., 2010
Kungani inombolo engu-7 ingewona umthetho osebenza kubo bonke
Ingxoxo yakudala kaMiller iphathelene nolwazi nokuluhlela kabusha, ayiqinisekisi ukuthi wonke umuntu ukhumbula izinombolo eziyisikhombisa ncamashi. Ukubuyekeza kukaCowan okwalandela kucubungula inani elincane lamaqoqo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinciphisa ukuphindaphinda nokuhlanganisa. Le mibono isebenzisa imingcele nezilinganiso ezihlukile; akukho kuyo okunikeza isizathu sokususa inani elingaguquki kubo bonke ubude benkumbulo yokuya phambili ukuze kubikezelwe obokuhlehla. Miller, 1956 Cowan, 2001
Yini ekuthintayo?
Iminyaka, imfundo nendlela yokwethula kubalulekile
Ucwaningo olusungula amazinga avamile obude benkumbulo yezinombolo lwahlola iminyaka nemfundo, kodwa isampula yalo yabantu abadala ayisona isilinganiso esivamile sabo bonke ubudala, izilimi nezindlela zokwethula. Umehluko weminyaka kuleyo sampula awufakazeli ukuthi isilinganiso samaphesenti esipheqululini esilungiselwe iminyaka sinembile. Izinombolo ezizwakalayo nazo zethulwa ngokulandelana, okuhlukile ekuboneni inombolo yonke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Woods et al., 2010
Ulwazi lwesikhathi eside lungashintsha indlela uchungechunge lolwazi olufakwa ngayo enkumbulweni. Imibhalo ngokuhlanganisa ichaza ukuthi ukuhleleka kwenza kanjani uchungechunge lube lula ukulufingqa, kanti ucwaningo oludumile lokuzijwayeza ngokujulile lwabonisa ukwanda okukhulu kobude benkumbulo yezinombolo kusetshenziswa ukuhlela okufundwe kusengaphambili okusiza ukukhumbula. Lokho okutholakele akufakazeli ukwanda okulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenkumbulo. Mathy et al., 2012 Ericsson et al., 1980
Kufanele uhunyushwe kanjani umehluko womuntu siqu?
Gcina izincazelo zayo yomibili imisebenzi nemithetho yokulinganisa. Umphumela ophansi wokuhlehla wodwa awubona ubufakazi bokuphazamiseka, futhi umehluko omkhulu kunokuvamile phakathi kwemiphumela yomuntu awukwazi ukuhunyushwa ngokwezempilo ngaphandle kokulinganisa namazinga afanele. Ukubuyekezwa kwezindlela zokulinganisa ubude benkumbulo kugcizelela ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezichazwe kahle lapho kufinyelelwa eziphethweni ngenkumbulo yokusebenza. Conway et al., 2005
Akuphephile futhi ukuguqula noma yimuphi kulobu bude benkumbulo ube yizinga elithile le-n-back. Ukuhlaziywa okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi kuthola ukuthi izilinganiso ze-n-back nezobude benkumbulo azishintsheki, nakuba zombili zibizwa ngezilinganiso zenkumbulo yokusebenza. Ukusebenza kuncike ezidingweni zomsebenzi zokubona okufanayo, ukuvuselela nokukhumbula. Redick et al., 2013
Uma ulandelela imiphumela yakho nje, qhathanisa okuya phambili nokokuya phambili, nokuhlehla nokuhlehla, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokwethula. Uma ushintsha indlela yokuhlanganisa izinombolo, phawula lolo shintsho. Umphumela ongcono ungase ubonise indlela ephumelela kakhudlwana yale nto ethile, kunokwanda okuvamile kwamandla enkumbulo. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kokukhumbula izinombolo
Zama ukuhlolwa kokukhumbula izinombolo njengomsebenzi wokukhumbula okubonakalayo. Umphumela wako kufanele uhunyushwe ngokulandela imiyalelo yawo; akuyona inqubo yokwethula ngokuzwakalayo nokukhumbula uya phambili noma uhlehla esethebuleni. Ungasebenzisi umehluko oshicilelwe njengomgomo wokuxilonga.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe umehluko olindelekile uyizinombolo ezimbili ncamashi?
Cha. Umehluko omaphakathi ocwaningweni ngokwendlela evamile yokulinganisa wawuyizinombolo ezingu-1.74, kanti ezinye izindlela zokulinganisa zaveza umehluko ohlukile. Lona akuwona umthetho osebenza kumuntu ngamunye. Woods et al., 2010
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ubude benkumbulo yokuhlehla bube bude?
Imiphumela namasu abantu ngamunye kungahluka. Amanani amaphakathi eqembu awasho ukuthi yonke imiphumela yokuhlolwa okukodwa kufanele ilandele ukuhleleka okufanayo. Woods et al., 2010
Ngingakwazi yini ukuguqula ubude benkumbulo yezinombolo bube yi-n-back?
Cha. Le mithombo ayisekeli ukuguqulwa okuqinisekisiwe; le misebenzi ayizona izilinganiso ezingashintshaniswa. Redick et al., 2013
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2010). Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa kobude benkumbulo yezinombolo yenkumbulo yesikhashana yamazwi.
- Cowan (2001). Inombolo eyisimangaliso engu-4 enkumbulweni yesikhashana: Ukubuyekeza amandla okugcina engqondweni.
- Miller (1956). Inombolo eyisimangaliso eyisikhombisa, kuhlanganise noma kususwe okubili: Eminye yemingcele yamandla ethu okucubungula ulwazi..
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo Yokusebenza: Imibono, Amamodeli Nezimpikiswano.
- Conway et al. (2005). Imisebenzi yokuhlola ubude benkumbulo yokusebenza: Ukubuyekezwa kwendlela nomhlahlandlela womsebenzisi.
- Redick et al. (2013). Izilinganiso zenkumbulo yokusebenza ze-complex span ne-n-back: Ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo eziningi.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Ukuzuza ikhono lenkumbulo.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Yini ekhethekile ngezinombolo eziyisimangaliso? Ukuhlanganisa nokufingqa kolwazi enkumbulweni yesikhashana.