Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Umphumela ekuhlaziyweni okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi zabantu abadala | Isilinganiso | Incazelo elinganiselayo |
|---|---|---|
| Iqoqo elincane lomsebenzi wokuvimbela ku-Stroop | Hedges' g = 0.12 | Ngaphambi kokulungiswa kokuchema kokushicilela |
| Isikhawu sokuzethemba esingu-95% salo | 0.03 to 0.20 | Umehluko omncane ohlanganisiwe phakathi kwamaqembu |
| Isiphetho sisonke ngemva kokulungisa ukuchema | Akukho nzuzo ehlelekile esekelwayo | Akubona ubufakazi bokuthi bonke abantu bayafana |
Isilinganiso esiqondene ne-Stroop sikuThebula 3. Singumehluko olinganiselwe, hhayi ukusebenza okungcono ngo-12% noma amathuba omuntu ngamunye. Umphumela omncane ongakalungiswa osesithebulani kanye nesiphetho sephepha esilungise ukuchema kufanele kufundwe ndawonye; ukukhetha kuphela inani elihle kungayimelela kabi leyo nhlolovo. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Kungani kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kunenzuzo?
Ukuphatha izilimi ezingaphezu kolulodwa kunikeza isizathu esizwakalayo sokutadisha ukulawula kwengqondo. Kodwa izindlela ezizwakalayo zidinga ubufakazi obuqondile. Ucwaningo luka-Paap no-Greenberg lubuza ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi yokuphatha ingqondo inikeza yini ubufakazi obuhambisanayo benzuzo eyodwa yokukhuluma izilimi ezimbili, kunokucabanga ukuthi igama elifanayo lisho ukuthi amaphuzu ayo ayalingana. Paap et al., 2013
Umsebenzi we-Stroop nawo unezingxenye eziningana. Amagama, imibala, indlela yokuhlanganisa izimpendulo nesisekelo esikhethiwe kuthinta izindleko zokuphazamiseka. Uhlaziyo luka-MacLeod nolokulinganisa emtholampilo lubonisa ukuthi kungani ungehliselwa ekubeni yithuluzi elimsulwa lokulinganisa ukulawula elingancikile olimini. MacLeod, 1991 Scarpina et al., 2017
Ingabe ulimi lokuhlola lunendaba?
Igama elibhaliwe lingaphazamisa kuphela ngezinqubo elizivusayo kumfundi. Umsebenzi wokuqala ubonisa ukubaluleka kokuphendula ngomlomo okujwayelekile, kanti izihlaziyo zichaza umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo zomsebenzi. Lokhu kusekela ukugcina ulimi nezimo zokuphendula zingaguquki; akusiniki isici esisodwa sokulungisa amaphuzu sabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili. Stroop, 1935 MacLeod, 1991
Yini ekuthintayo?
Umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu awusho ukuthi kunjani kumuntu oyedwa
Ngisho noma kubonakala umehluko omncane phakathi kwamaqembu, abantu bangadlulana kakhulu emiphumeleni futhi lokho ngeke kuchaze ukuthi kungani amaphuzu omuntu oyedwa eshintshile. Ucwaningo lwendida yokwethembeka luphinde lubonise ukuthi umehluko omningi wemisebenzi yakudala awuthembekile kangako ekubekeni abantu ngabanye ngokwezinga, nakuba imiphumela yayo yokuhlola iqine. Ukuhlolwa okufushane kusiphequluli akukwazi ukubonisa ukuthi yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho kolimi okubangele umphumela. Hedge et al., 2017
Isifinyezo sabantu abadala asibeki izindinganiso ze-Stroop ezisebenza kuwo wonke umuntu okhuluma izilimi ezimbili ngokweminyaka noma ngokobulili. Isiphetho saso akufanele sidluliselwe ngokuzenzakalela ezinganeni, kuzo zonke izinhlanganisela zezilimi noma kuzo zonke izincazelo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwezilimi ezimbili. Iqembu labantu elihlukile lidinga ubufakazi obufanele balo. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Kungani kubalulekile ukulinganisa nokulungisa?
Isikhathi esilinganiswa kusiphequluli siyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlelo, kanti nokumakwa kwe-Stroop kuyehluka phakathi kwezinguqulo zokuhlola. Ucwaningo lokuhlaziya okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi zomtholampilo lubonisa ukuthi indlela esetshenziswa ukukala ukuphazamiseka ingashintsha ubukhulu obubonakalayo bemiphumela yamaqembu. Lesi yisixwayiso esijwayelekile ngokulinganisa, akubona ubufakazi bokuthi ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili kuyisimo somtholampilo. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Lansbergen et al., 2007
Yini ongayithola ngokuzama lokhu?
Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa njengendlela yokuzwa ukungqubuzana kolwazi lwamagama nemibala. Uma uqhathanisa imizamo yakho, gcina ulimi, idivayisi, indlela yokuphendula nendlela yokumaka kungaguquki. Bheka izinga lamaphutha kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula ndawonye, futhi ungahumushi ushintsho njengobufakazi benzuzo ebanzi yokukhuluma izilimi ezimbili. Scarpina et al., 2017 Hedge et al., 2017
Ubufakazi abuphikisani nokufunda izilimi, futhi abuthembisi ukuthi ukufunda kuzothuthukisa ingqondo. Buphendula umbuzo omncane kunalowo: izincwadi ezicashuniwe zabantu abadala azisekeli ngokuqinile inzuzo evamile yokuphatha ingqondo ngemva kokubala ukuchema kokushicilela. Amakhono athile olimi nokubaluleka kokuxhumana ngolunye ulimi kuyimiphumela ehlukile. Lehtonen et al., 2018 Paap et al., 2013
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Stroop
Zama ukuhlolwa kwe-Stroop ngolimi oluqondayo, futhi usebenzise lolo limi ngokungaguquki lapho ulandelela imiphumela. Akukwazi ukunquma ukuthi umlando wakho wolimi ubangele amaphuzu akho noma ukukubeka esigabeni sokuba nenzuzo yengqondo yokukhuluma izilimi ezimbili.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe u-g = 0.12 usho ukusebenza okungcono ngo-12%?
Cha. Umehluko ojwayelekile phakathi kwezilinganiso, futhi lesi silinganiso esithile singaphambi kokulungiswa kokuchema. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Ingabe lolu hlaziyo lufakazela ukuthi akekho umuntu okhuluma izilimi ezimbili ozuzayo?
Cha. Ukungabi khona kobufakazi obuqinile benzuzo emaphakathi akusho ukuthi bonke abantu noma izimo ziyafana. Lehtonen et al., 2018
Ingabe amaphuzu ami angabonisa ukuthi ngikhuluma izilimi ezimbili ngempela?
Cha. Ukwenza kwe-Stroop akuhlukanisi abantu ngomlando wolimi futhi akusikho ukuhlolwa okuqinisekisiwe kokukhuluma izilimi ezimbili. MacLeod, 1991 Scarpina et al., 2017
Imithombo
- Lehtonen et al. (2018). Ingabe ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza okuthuthukile kokuphatha ingqondo kubantu abadala? Uhlaziyo oluhlanganisa izifundo eziningi..
- Paap et al. (2013). Abukho ubufakazi obuhambisanayo benzuzo yokukhuluma izilimi ezimbili ekucubunguleni kokuphatha.
- MacLeod (1991). Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka yocwaningo ngomphumela we-Stroop: Uhlaziyo oluhlanganisayo..
- Scarpina et al. (2017). Ukuhlolwa kwe-Stroop kombala namagama.
- Stroop (1935). Izifundo zokuphazamiseka ekuphenduleni ngamazwi ngokulandelana..
- Hedge et al. (2017). Indida yokwethembeka: Kungani imisebenzi eqinile yokucubungula kwengqondo ingavezi umehluko othembekile phakathi kwabantu.
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Ukunemba nokucophelela okungokoqobo kwamapulatifomu okuhlola aku-inthanethi, iziphequluli zewebhu namadivayisi.
- Lansbergen et al. (2007). Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Stroop kanye nokuphazamiseka kokunaka/ukusebenza ngokweqile: Uhlaziyo nokuhlaziywa okuhlanganisa izifundo eziningi..