Ubufakazi obuyinhloko nezinombolo
| Isici | Ucwaningo lobubanzi bezinombolo ezizwakalayo | Umdlalo obonisa inombolo yonke |
|---|---|---|
| Okufakwayo | Izinombolo ezishiwo zilethwa ngokulandelana | Izinombolo ezibonwa esikrinini |
| Amathuba okuhlanganisa | Ancike esikhathini sokukhuluma nasendleleni esetshenziswayo | Kungaba nokuhlanganisa okubonakalayo ngokwendawo |
| Ukuhumusha amaphuzu | Kudinga imithetho yalolo cwaningo yokukhumbula nokumisa | Kudinga imithetho yomdlalo uqobo |
| Ukuguqula ngokuqondile | Akukasungulwa | Akukasungulwa |
Ucwaningo lwezinombolo ezizwakalayo lwabandakanya abantu abadala basemphakathini abangu-763 abaneminyaka engu-18–65. Isilinganiso salo esivamile sokuya phambili sasingu-6.35, kodwa isilinganiso senani eliphezulu elafinyelelwa kulo lonke uhlolo olubanzi sasingu-6.77. Lo mehluko ongaphakathi ocwaningweni olulodwa uwodwa ubonisa ukuthi kungani isilinganiso esishicilelwe kufanele sichaze ukuthi amaphuzu aso abalwe kanjani. Woods et al., 2010
Kungani ukushintsha indlela yokwethula kushintsha umsebenzi
Imibono yenkumbulo esebenzayo ihlukanisa izinqubo zokumela nokulawula, okuhlanganisa izingxenye zamazwi nezokubona indawo. Izinombolo ezibhaliwe nazo zingaguqulelwa enkulumweni engqondweni, ngakho umehluko awulula njengokuthi enye iyinkumbulo yokubona kuphela, enye ibe inkumbulo yokuzwa kuphela. Indlela okwethulwa ngayo ulwazi nalokho umuntu akwenza ngalo kokubili kubalulekile. Baddeley, 2012
Ukubona uchungechunge lonke kungenza kube lula ukuqaphela ukwakheka kwalo ukuze luhlanganiswe ngezigaba. Ucwaningo lokuhlanganisa luhlola indlela amaphethini avamile afinyeza ngayo uchungechunge; inzuzo etholakalayo ihlobene nokwakheka okufakwe enkumbulweni, hhayi nenani lezimpawu ezingahluziwe lodwa. Usuku noma iphethini ejwayelekile ngokubonakalayo ingaphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunezinombolo ezingahlobene. Mathy et al., 2012 Miller, 1956
Ingabe amaphuzu aphezulu okubona abonisa inkumbulo enamandla?
Kubonisa lokho kuphela emsebenzini nasezimweni ezihloliwe. Ukuqhathanisa kuphinde kushintshe isikhathi sokubona, amathuba okuziphindaphindela, indlela yokuphendula nemithetho yokumisa. Ucwaningo ngezindlela zokulinganisa ububanzi lugcizelela ukuthi le mininingwane iyasithinta isilinganiso. Amaphuzu angcono kolunye uhlobo lomsebenzi awasho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi umuntu uzokwenza kangcono kuyo yonke imisebenzi yenkumbulo esebenzayo. Conway et al., 2005
Yini ekuthintayo?
Kungani amandla enkumbulo ashicilelwe engase abonakale engahambisani
Incazelo kaCowan yamandla alinganiselwe ibhekisela emaqoqweni ezinto ngaphansi kwezimo eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuziphindaphindela neminikelo yenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Ububanzi bezinombolo obujwayelekile bungazuza kulezo zinqubo. Ngakho ukuqhathanisa isilinganiso samaqoqo nenani elingahluziwe lezinombolo kuhlanganisa amayunithi nemikhawulo yokuhlola engafani. Cowan, 2001
Ukuqeqeshwa okujulile kwezindlela zokukhumbula kunikeza isibonelo esicacile: umuntu owaqeqeshwa wafunda ukukhumbula uchungechunge lwezinombolo olude kakhulu esebenzisa ulwazi oluhlelwe kahle, kodwa lelo khono alizange lidlulele ngokulinganayo ezintweni ezingahlobene. Lokhu kuwubufakazi bekhono elitholwe ngokuqeqeshwa, hhayi ubufakazi bokuthi yonke inkumbulo yesikhashana yakhula yaba yinani lezinombolo elibonisiwe. Ericsson et al., 1980
Kuthiwani ngemikhuba yobudala nobulili?
Imikhuba kufanele ifane nendlela yokwethula, isikhathi, ulimi, ukuhleleka kwempendulo nendlela yokubala amaphuzu. Isampula yabantu abadala ehlolwe ngezinombolo ezizwakalayo ayinikezi indlela yokuguqula amaphuzu yomdlalo wesiphequluli obonakalayo elungiselwe ubudala noma ubulili. Ukusebenzisa isilinganiso sayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-inthanethi kungaguqula inkomba yocwaningo ewusizo ibe wukubeka umuntu ezingeni ngendlela edukisayo. Woods et al., 2010 Conway et al., 2005
Lokhu kuqaphela kuyasebenza nangaphandle kwemisebenzi yezinombolo: ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo eziningi kubonisa ukuthi izilinganiso ze-span neze-n-back zifana kancane kuphela futhi azinakuthathelana. Ngakho umphumela ophezulu wenkumbulo yezinombolo ezibonwayo awusona isilinganiso se-n-back esamukelwe noma isilinganiso se-IQ. Redick et al., 2013
Ukuze uzibhekisise, gcina ifomethi ngayinye iyodwa, sebenzisa imithetho efanayo yokubonisa neyokuphendula, bese ubhala ukuthi uyaziphindaphindela yini izinombolo noma uyazihlanganisa. Lezi zinqumo zenza ukuziqhathanisa kwakho kuqondakale kangcono, kodwa azakhi imikhuba emele abantu abaningi noma ukuqinisekiswa komtholampilo. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Zama ukuhlolwa kwamahhala okuhlobene nalokhu
Ukuhlolwa kokukhumbula izinombolo
Zama ukuhlolwa kokukhumbula izinombolo ezibonwayo, bese ubhala umphumela njengamaphuzu alowo msebenzi. Uma usebenzisa nokuhlolwa kobubanzi bezinombolo ezizwakalayo, kubhale ngokwehlukana. Gwema ukuqhathanisa impumelelo ende kunazo zonke kolunye uhlobo nomphumela omaphakathi noma obusekelwe emthethweni wokumisa kolunye.
Imibuzo evamile
Ingabe amaphuzu okuhlola kokuzwa nawokubona kufanele afane?
Le mithombo ayiqinisekisi ukuthi kufanele afane. Indlela yokwethula, isu nendlela yokubala amaphuzu kungahluka. Woods et al., 2010 Baddeley, 2012
Ingabe izinombolo ezibonwayo zisengasebenzisa inkumbulo yamazwi?
Yebo. Abantu bangaguqula izinto ezibhaliwe zibe amazwi engqondweni; indlela yokwethula ayiqinisekisi ukuthi kusetshenziswa uhlelo olulodwa lwenkumbulo kuphela. Baddeley, 2012
Ingabe enye indlela iyisivivinyo se-IQ esingcono?
Lokho kungadinga ukuqinisekiswa okufanele. Ukuba namaphuzu aphezulu ngendlela ethile akufakazeli ukuphakama kobuhlakani ngokujwayelekile. Conway et al., 2005
Imithombo
- Woods et al. (2010). Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa kobubanzi bezinombolo benkumbulo yamazwi yesikhathi esifushane.
- Cowan (2001). Inombolo eyisimangaliso engu-4 enkumbulweni yesikhashana: Ukubuyekezwa kabusha kwamandla okugcina engqondweni.
- Miller (1956). Inombolo eyisimangaliso eyisikhombisa, kukhishwe noma kwengezwe okubili: Eminye imikhawulo yamandla ethu okucubungula ulwazi..
- Baddeley (2012). Inkumbulo Esebenzayo: Imibono, Amamodeli Nezimpikiswano.
- Conway et al. (2005). Imisebenzi yobubanzi benkumbulo esebenzayo: Ukubuyekezwa kwezindlela nomhlahlandlela wokusetshenziswa.
- Redick et al. (2013). Izilinganiso ze-complex span ne-n-back zenkumbulo esebenzayo: Ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo eziningi.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Ukutholwa kwekhono lokukhumbula.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Yini eyenza izinombolo eziyisimangaliso zibe ezikhethekile? Ukuhlanganisa nokucindezela ulwazi enkumbulweni yesikhashana.