N-back sɔhwɛ: ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ
N-back a ɛsakra ne ho (nsɛm-soronko baako, abien, abiɛsa anaa anan), Jaeggi ne afoforo (2008) dual n-back ntetee nhyehyɛe akyi
Sɔhwɛ ho nkontaabu nkyerɛaseɛ: nback-training-1 (apam nkyerɛase 1, nhyiam nhyehyɛe nkyerɛase 2)
← San kɔ sɔhwɛ no hoNea ɛsusu
Dwumadi a wɔyɛ wɔ n-back adwuma no ankasa mu: nsɛm foforo a ɛba nnidiso nnidiso mu a wɔde yɛ adwene mu nkae a wɔde yɛ adwuma, ne sɛ wɔde toto ho. Ɛyɛ ntetee adwinnade a ɛwɔ ne nkɔso ho mfonini; ɛnyɛ adwene mu nkae a wɔde yɛ adwuma ho sɔhwɛ a wɔahyehyɛ gyinapɛn ama.
Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ
Nsɛm-soronko: beae (grid a ɛyɛ 3 x 3 no mfɛnsini 8 a ɛwɔ akyi; wɔmfa mfinimfini no nni dwuma), nnyigyei (nkyerɛwde 8 a wɔka anaa nnyigyei 8 a wɔfrɛ no Notes), ahosuo ne nsusuwso (emu biara wɔ nea ɛyɛ 8). Nneyɛe: baako (beae), dual (beae + nnyigyei; ɛno na wɔahyɛ da ayɛ), triple (+ ahosuo) ne quad (+ nsusuwso). Wɔda nsɛnkyerɛnne biara adi wɔ 500 ms mu; nea edi hɔ no ba bere a wɔapaw no akyi (ɛtaa yɛ 3,000 ms). Mmuae a wɔde ma nsɛm-soronko biara ho no yɛ nea ɛfa nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no ho kosi sɛ nea edi hɔ no bɛba. Nsafoa: A (beae), L (nnyigyei), S (ahosuo), K (nsusuwso), Space siw sɔhwɛ no ano; fon so de, mia bɔtn a ɛwɔ grid no ase no. Kuw bi wɔ ntease nsɛnkyerɛnne N (wɔmmua) ne nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔkan no (ɛtaa yɛ 20). Nsɛm nnidiso nnidiso no fi generator a egyina aba so a server no san yɛ: wɔ nsɛm-soronko biara mu no, nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔkan no mu 30% pɛ na ɛne nea edi kan hyia (6 wɔ 20 mu); nsɛm-soronko abien biara bom hyia wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne no mu 10% (2 wɔ 20 mu); nneyɛe a ɛwɔ nsɛm-soronko abiɛsa ne anan mu no wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a emu nyinaa anaa abiɛsa hyia; na nea ɛnhyia no nsan nyɛ n-back ade no ara kwa. 1-back nkyerɛkyerɛ a wubetumi apaw no ma mmuae. Nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no sesa ne ho (bere ne tenten a ɛyɛ daa); nhyehyɛe a wɔde nsa yɛ ma ɔbɔfo no paw N, ntam bere, tenten ne mmuae. Da biara nhyehyɛe a wubetumi apaw no wɔ akuw 20 a ahomegye wɔ ntam. Sɛ wogyaw krataafa no a, akuw a wɔmmee no gyina, na wubetumi asan akɔ so.
Nsusuiɛ
| Nsusuiɛ | Ne bo |
|---|---|
| Nneyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ | dual (beae + nnyigyei), N = 2, ɛsakra ne ho |
| N ntam hye | 1 kosi 9 |
| Nsɛnkyerɛnne bere a ɛda adi | 500 ms |
| Nsɛnkyerɛnne ntam bere | 3,000 ms sɛnea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ; 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 4,000 anaa 5,000 ms wɔ nsa nhyehyɛe mu |
| Nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔkan wɔ kuw biara mu | 20 sɛnea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ; 40, 60 anaa 100 wɔ nsa nhyehyɛe mu |
| Ntease nsɛnkyerɛnne | N wɔ kuw biara mu, wɔmfa nkan |
| Nea ɛhyia | 30% wɔ nsɛm-soronko biara mu; 10% wɔ nsɛm-soronko abien biara mu |
| Mmara a ɛsakra ne ho | kɔ soro 1 sɛ nsɛm-soronko biara nni mfomso boro 2; kɔ fam 1 sɛ nsɛm-soronko biara wɔ mfomso 6 anaa nea ɛboro saa; anyɛ saa a, kɔ so saa ara |
| Da biara nhyehyɛe (wubetumi apaw) | akuw 20 |
| Ɔkwan a wɔde bua | fon so mia bɔtn, mouse, A / L / S / K nsafoa, Space de gyina |
Sɔhwɛ ho nkontaabu
Nsɛm-soronko biara mu wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔkan no so: mmuae a wɔhwehwɛ no, nea wɔantumi ammua, mmuae a ɛnteɛ ne nea wɔpow no yiye; pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ a wɔkari pɛ = 50 x (mmuae a ɛyɛ nokware dodow + nea wɔpow no yiye dodow), ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu mu, enti sɛ obi mmua biribiara (anaa ɔbua biribiara) a ne nkontaa yɛ 50%. Kuw no nkontaa yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ a wɔkari pɛ mfinimfini wɔ nsɛm-soronko a wɔapaw no nyinaa mu; dodow a ɛboro so no ye. Mfomso a ɛwɔ nsɛm-soronko biara mu = nea wɔantumi ammua + mmuae a ɛnteɛ; eyi na ɛma wɔpaw ɔfa a edi hɔ no. Wɔka mmuae bere a ɛfa nsɛm-soronko biara ho no bom kyerɛ (mfinimfini, nkyɛmu, nea ɛba fam koraa, nea ɛba soro koraa), nanso ɛnka nkontaa no ho. Wɔmfa ntoto agofomma afoforo ho; mfonini ahorow no toto ɔbɔfo no ankasa mmɔdenbɔ ho wɔ nhyehyɛe koro no ara mu.
Mmara a ɛma sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ no di mu
Wɔkyerɛw akuw a edi mũ nkutoo (N + nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔkan, mmuae agyiraehyɛde baako wɔ nsɛm-soronko biara ho wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne biara mu, mmuae biara nni ntease bere mu). Server no san yɛ nsɛm nnidiso nnidiso no fi aba no mu na ɛpow nhyiam biara a nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔakyerɛw no nsonsonoe wɔ mu, mmuae a wɔagye tom bi nni mu, anaa bere a wɔde wie no daakye. Wubetumi agyina kakra na wɔkyerɛw. Wɔkora bot ho nsɛnkyerɛnne so nanso ennsesa nkontaa anaa mfonini. Wɔkora saa ntetee nhyiam yi sie wɔ n-back sɔhwɛ a wɔkan no ho ntam, na ɛnka ntotoho anaa app nkontaa ho da.
Nsonsonoeɛ a ɛwɔ classic sɔhwɛ no ho
Kuw a wɔtaa yɛ no di Jaeggi ne afoforo (2008) bere nhyehyɛe ne mmara a wɔde sesa no akyi: nsɛnkyerɛnne 20 + N, nea ɛda adi wɔ 500 ms mu, 3 s wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne biara mu, kɔ soro bere a mfomso nnu 3 wɔ nsɛm-soronko biara mu, kɔ fam bere a mfomso boro 5 wɔ nsɛm-soronko biara mu. Nsonsonoe: nkyerɛwde a wɔka no de kɔmputa kasa na ɛyɛ (anaa nnyigyei), ahosuo ne nsusuwso nsɛm-soronko a wubetumi apaw, nkyerɛkyerɛ tiawa, fon so ahyɛde, nhyehyɛe a wɔde nsa yɛ ne da biara akuw a ɔbɔfo no ankasa kyerɛ bere. Ɛnyɛ nhwehwɛmu ntetee nhyehyɛe a wɔasan ayɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, na ɛnyɛ Kirchner adwuma a edi kan a ɛwɔ nsɛm-soronko baako mu no.
Anohyɛdeɛ
Wɔakyerɛ ntetee adwuma no nkɔso ho adanse pii; nanso nkɔso a efi mu ba wɔ tumi afoforo, a adwene mu nimdeɛ ka ho, yɛ adwene a ɛsono na nnipa da so ara susuw ho. Krataafa no nhyɛ bɔ sɛ nkɔso a ɛte saa bɛba. Nnyigyei ne mfonini bere nhyehyɛe gyina mfiri ne browser so; kyerɛwtohɔ no kyerɛ bere a krataafa no de nsɛnkyerɛnne bi mae, na ɛnyɛ bere a screen anaa kasafo no yii no adi. Gyinapɛn nni hɔ, na wɔnhwɛ nhyehyɛe no so. Ɛnyɛ ayaresa anaa yare hu adwuma.
Kasa ne sɛnea wɔahwɛ mu
Akwankyerɛ wɔ site kasa nyinaa mu. Nnyigyei nsɛm-soronko no de nkyerɛwde anaa nnyegyee nketenkete a ɛyɛ kasa no dea di dwuma wɔ kasa 28 mu (Bengali, Bulgarian, Chinese Simplified and Traditional, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Marathi, Nepali, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Telugu, Ukrainian, Urdu, Albanian, Armenian); wɔde nnyigyei a ɛnyɛ nkyerɛwde di dwuma wɔ kasa afoforo mu. Beae, ahosuo ne nsusuwso nsɛm-soronko no mfa kasa ho.
Kasa a wɔde akwankyerɛ no kyerɛw ne sɛnea wɔahwɛ mu
Wɔakyerɛ kasa a wɔde akwankyerɛ ahorow no tintim wɔ ase ha. Nkyerɛaseɛ kwan: kɔmputa mmoa na wɔde kyerɛɛ ase, na kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa. Wɔaka kasa biara ho nneɛma pɔtee wɔ atifi hɔ; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu wɔ ha.
| Akwankyerɛ kasa | Sɛnea wɔakyerɛ sɛ wɔahwɛ mu |
|---|---|
| English | Mfitiaseɛ Borɔfo nkyerɛwee. |
| Azərbaycan dili | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Bahasa Indonesia | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Čeština | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Deutsch | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Español | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Filipino | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Français | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Hausa | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Igbo | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Italiano | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Kiswahili | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Magyar | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Nederlands | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Oʻzbekcha | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Polski | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Português | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Shqip | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Soomaali | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Srpski | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Tiếng Việt | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Türkçe | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Türkmençe | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Yorùbá | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Ελληνικά | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Български | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Кыргызча | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Қазақ тілі | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Македонски | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Монгол | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Русский | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Тоҷикӣ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Українська | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ქართული | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| Հայերեն | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| עברית | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| اردو | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| العربية | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| پښتو | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| سنڌي | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| فارسی | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| کوردیی ناوەندی | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| አማርኛ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| नेपाली | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| मराठी | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| हिन्दी | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| অসমীয়া | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| বাংলা | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ਪੰਜਾਬੀ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ગુજરાતી | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ଓଡ଼ିଆ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| தமிழ் | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| తెలుగు | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ಕನ್ನಡ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| മലയാളം | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| සිංහල | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ไทย | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ລາວ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| မြန်မာ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| ខ្មែរ | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| 한국어 | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| 日本語 | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| 简体中文 | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
| 繁體中文 | Kɔmputa yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ne kasa mu mfomso hwɛ no ara kwa; wɔankyerɛ sɛ kasa no kafoɔ bi ahwɛ mu. |
Sɛnea wobɛbɔ din
Helibrain (2026). N-back test, vnback-training-1. https://helibrain.com/n-back-test/methods
Nsakraeɛ ho kyerɛtohɔ
· Nkyerɛaseɛ nback-training-1 · Akwan a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔayi no adi mprempren no ho tintim a edi kan.
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Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55(4), 352-358.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043688original n-back paradigm
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(19), 6829-6833.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801268105dual n-back training protocol (timing, block structure, adaptation rule)
Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005). N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25(1), 46-59.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20131review of the n-back paradigm
Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., & Laine, M. (2017). Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(4), 1077-1096.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1217-0meta-analysis: training effects are mostly task-specific
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016). Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of "far transfer": Evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 512-534.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635612meta-analysis: no reliable far transfer
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