Adanse titiriw ne nɔma
| Nea wɔka | Nkyerɛmu a egyina adanseɛ so |
|---|---|
| Ɔkasamu a ɛwɔ adwene mu no ma obiara kenkan ntɛmntɛm te sɛ ɔkasa | Akenkan komm ne akenkan den wɔ ahoɔhare ahorow; saa nkyerɛmu tiawa yi nni nnyinaso a ɛfata |
| Sɛ woyi ɔkasamu a ɛwɔ adwene mu no fi hɔ a, nteaseɛ bɛyɛ ntɛm ampa | Wɔnnya nnyaa adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ eyi yɛ nokware wɔ tebea nyinaa mu |
| Sɛ obi san kɔ nsɛm a wakenkan so a, bere no nyinaa na ɛresɛe | Sɔhwɛ mu adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ nsɛm akenkan bio betumi aboa nteaseɛ |
| WPM dodow a wɔada no adi kɛse no kyerɛ sɛ akenkan no ye bere nyinaa | Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan hwɛ nteaseɛ nso |
Wɔde asɛm akenkan mu ɔkasamu a wɔka no brɛoo no di dwuma wɔ nteaseɛ ahorow mu. Ebetumi akyerɛ nne a obi te wɔ n’adwene mu, kasa ho dwumadi ketewa bi a ɛkɔ so, anaa kasa ho dwumadi a ɛde nnyegyee ho mfonini di dwuma. Eyinom nyɛ ade koro a wɔde susuw. Akenkan ahoɔhare ho nhwehwɛmu no ka nnyegyee ho dwumadi ho asɛm, na ɛbɔ kɔkɔ sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ yesusuw sɛ sɛ obi anhu nne biara wɔ n’adwene mu a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ akenkan mu kasa ho dwumadi ho ahiade no afi hɔ. Rayner et al., 2016
Nea enti a aniwa a ɛkeka ntɛmntɛm nko ara nnɔɔso
Aniwa no nam bere tiaa a ɛde hwɛ ade baako so ne aniwa a ɛhuruw fi beae kɔ beae foforo so nya nneɛma a wotumi hu, nanso nteaseɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wohu nsɛmfua na wɔka wɔn nteaseɛ bom. Ani keka ho nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma a aniwa hu ne kasa ho dwumadi nya wɔn ho wɔn ho so nkɛntɛnso. Sɛ obi ma ade a ɔde kyerɛ nsɛm no tu mmirika anaa ɔmma aniwa no nsan nkɔ akyi a, ɛno nkyerɛ sɛ onyaa nteaseɛ wɔ nsɛm koro no ara ho. Rayner, 1998 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Schotter ne ne mfɛfo yɛɛ nsakrae bi a ɛmaa nsɛmfua a wɔakan kan no ho yɛɛ den sɛ obi bɛsan akan no bio na ɔde adi dwuma. Nteaseɛ no so tewee. Nea wohui no nkyerɛ sɛ ɛho hia sɛ obiara san kɔ nsɛm biara so; mmom, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛnteɛ sɛ yɛbɛfa aniwa a ɛkɔ akyi no nyinaa sɛ mfomso a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyi fi hɔ bere nyinaa. Schotter et al., 2014
Nea enti a ebinom kenkan nsɛm bi ntɛmntɛm kɛse
Nsɛmfua a obi nim ne ne kasa mu osuahu sesa sɛnea adwene no yɛ adwuma. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa nsɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ kasa a ɛto so abien mu ne nsɛmfua ho nimdeɛ ho no kyerɛ nea enti a asɛmfua a obi nnim anaa kasa a ɔntaa nkenkan betumi ama adwuma no ayɛ brɛoo. Eyi nkyerɛ sɛ ɔkasamu a ɛwɔ adwene mu no nkutoo na ɛde brɛoo no ba, ɛwom sɛ ebia ɔkenkanfo no behu sɛ ɔte nne bi kɛse wɔ n’adwene mu bere a ɔrekenkan nsɛm a emu yɛ den no. Whitford et al., 2012 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Dɛn na ɛka ho asɛm?
Na sɛ wobɔ hwɛfa a?
Hwɛfa betumi aboa sɛ wubetumi ahu asɛmti bi anaa woanya ne nyinaa ho adwene. Ɛfa nsɛm kakraa bi na ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛboa saa botae no. Akenkan ahoɔhare ho nhwehwɛmu no ma yɛhu nsonsonoe a ɛda saa dwumadi yi ne sɛ obi te nsɛm no nyinaa ase wɔ ahoɔhare a ɛboro so ntɛm ntɛm no ntam. Hwɛfa a ɛyɛ ntɛm nkyerɛ sɛ wote nsɛm nketenkete no ase sɛ kan no. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016
Mpanyimfo dodow ho akontaabu ahorow no nso wɔ anohyeto. Egyina Borɔfo mu nnwuma ne nnipa pii a wɔasua ade yiye so; ɛnyɛ mfe biara ho susudua a ɛfa kasa nyinaa ho. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde dodow biako pɛ anaa sɛnea obi te nka sɛ ne mu nne yɛ dinn no gyina hɔ bu mmofra, mpanyimfo a wɔanyinyin, ne wɔn a wɔkenkan wɔ kasa a ɛto so abien mu atɛn. Brysbaert, 2019
Dɛn na nhwehwɛmu foa so sen akwan a wɔfa so siw kasa no ano?
Kenkan nneɛma a ɛfata wo botae no, hwɛ sɛ wote ase, na hu kasa ne asɛmti no yiye. Akenkan ho nhwehwɛmu no foa osuahu ne kasa ho nimdeɛ so sɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia, nanso ɛnhyehyɛ sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ obiara sua da biara anaa ahoɔhare a ɛbɛkɔ soro pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa nsɛmfua a wɔnim dodow ho nso fa nsɛm pɔtee a obi nim ho, na ɛnyɛ ano aduru a ɛma ahoɔhare kɔ soro prɛko pɛ. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016 Nation, 2006
Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wode wo ho toto ho a, fa nsɛm a wunim no yiye na hwɛ nteaseɛ ne bere nyinaa. Sɛ ɔkwan bi ma WPM kɔ soro nanso ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsɛm no mu a, ka sɛ nea wubenya ne nea wobɛhwere wɔ ho na ɛte saa. Sɛ wote nka sɛ wo mu nne no sua a, ɛno nkutoo nkyerɛ sɛ wokenkan yiye. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016 Schotter ne afoforo, 2014
Botae a wobetumi adu ho ne sɛ wobɛte nsɛm a ɛfata ase yiye na wode bere kakraa bi adi dwuma. Nneɛma a yɛafa so aka no mu biara nkyerɛ sɛ sɛ wusiw subvocalization ano wɔ wɛbsaet sɔhwɛ mu a, ɛbɛma wo nyansa akɔ soro wɔ nneɛma nyinaa mu anaa ayi akenkan kasa ho anohyeto afi hɔ daa. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016 CLIFTON ne afoforo, 2015
Yɛ sɔhwɛ kwa a ɛfa eyi ho no
Akenkan ahoɔhare sɔhwɛ
Sɔ akenkan ahoɔhare sɔhwɛ no hwɛ a nhyɛ wo ho sɛ wode ɔkwan a wonnim a wɔfa so siw nne ano bedi dwuma. Kyerɛw nteaseɛ ne ahoɔhare nyinaa. Sɛ wosɔ ɔkwan foforo akenkan hwɛ a, bu nea efi mu ba no sɛ nsɛm pɔtee bi ho ntotoho, na mmu no sɛ susudua a wɔagye atom a ɛfa wo mu kasa ho.
Nsɛmmisa a wɔtaa bisa
Sɛ metee nne bi wɔ me tirim a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ m’akenkan nyɛ papa?
Nhwehwɛmu no mfoa saa nsɛm a wɔka no nyinaa so. Kasa ho dwumadi a ɛfa nnyegyee ho ne sɛ obi ka asɛmfua biara denneennen no yɛ nneɛma mmienu soronko. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016
Ɛsɛ sɛ mekwati sɛ mɛsan ahwɛ akyi?
Ɛnsɛ sɛ woyɛ no sɛ mmara a ɛfa biribiara ho. Sɔhwɛ a wɔhwɛɛ so yiye kyerɛe sɛ kwan a obi nya de san kɔkenkan no boa nteaseɛ. Schotter ne afoforo, 2014
Metumi asua sɛnea wɔbɔ hwɛfa no ɔkwan soronko so?
Yiw, nanso bu no sɛ nsɛm a wobɛfa mu apaw de anya nsɛmti anaa ahwehwɛ biribi, na mmu no sɛ adanse sɛ wote nsɛm nketenkete no nyinaa ase wɔ ahoɔhare a ɛda adi no mu. Rayner ne afoforo, 2016
F nkyerɛkyerɛmu fibea
- Brysbaert (2019). Nsɛmfua dodow akenkan wɔ simma biako mu yɛ sɛn? Akenkan ahoɔhare ho nhwehwɛmu ne akontaabu a wɔaka abom.
- Rayner ne afoforo (2016). Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a yɛbɛkenkan, na bere sua.
- Rayner (1998). Aniwa keka bere a wɔrekenkan ne nsɛm ho dwumadi: mfe 20 mu nhwehwɛmu.
- CLIFTON ne afoforo (2015). Aniwa keka bere a wɔrekenkan ne nsɛm ho dwumadi: Keith Rayner mfe 40 mu agyapade.
- Whitford ne afoforo (2012). Kasa a ɛto so abien ho osuahu sesa nsɛmfua dodow a ɛtaa ba wɔ kasa a edi kan ne nea ɛto so abien mu: Adanse a efi aniwa keka a wɔsusuw bere a wɔrekenkan nkyekyɛm ankasa mu.
- Nation (2006). Nsɛmfua dodow sɛn na ehia na ama obi akenkan na ate asɛm?.
- Schotter ne afoforo (2014). Nnye nea wokenkan no bere biako pɛ no nni.
- Brysbaert ne afoforo (2016). Nsɛmfua dodow sɛn na yenim? Kwankyerɛ a ɛbɛboa ama yɛabu nsɛmfua dodow a obi nim ho akontaa, a egyina nsɛmfua nkyerɛase, kasa dodow a obi te ne mfe so.