Adanse titiriw ne nɔma
| Adwuma no su | Nea ɛbisa | Nea mmuae a ɛteɛ kyerɛ |
|---|---|---|
| Hu | Hu anaa kyerɛ asɛmfua bi anaa ne nkyerɛase | Nimdeɛ a ɛfa asɛmfua a wɔte ase ho wɔ asɛmmisa no mu |
| Akwankyerɛ a wɔde kae anaa yɛ | Kae asɛmfua anaa ne nkyerɛase fi biribi a wɔde kyerɛ wo mu | Tumi kɛse a wode kae wɔ saa adwuma no mu |
| Kasa a wonsusuw ho | Paw na ka kasa wɔ tebea bi mu | Adwumayɛ a nsɛmfua nimdeɛ ne ahoɔden afoforo ka ho |
Webb nhwehwɛmu no de nsɛmfua asekyerɛ a wɔde toto ho wɔ nsɛmfua a wɔte ase ne nea wɔde yɛ adwuma mu, na ɛkan mmuae no wɔ nimdeɛ dodow ahorow mu. Nea wohui no nyɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma ne nea wɔte ase ntam nsonsonoe a ɛyɛ pɛ daa. Titiriw no, nsonsonoe a ɛda nimdeɛ a enni mu ne nea edi mu ntam no kyerɛ sɛ sɛnea wobu asɛmfua bi sɛ wunim no sesa nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔn ntam no sɛnea ɛda adi. Webb, 2008
Adɛn nti na ɛtɔ da a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubehu asɛmfua?
Asɛmmisa bi tumi de nsɛm ma wo a adwuma a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ woka asɛm a wonni mmoa no mma. Laufer ne Goldstein kyerɛ sɛ nsɛmfua ho nimdeɛ wɔ ahoɔden ne sɔhwɛ kwan ahorow, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wubehu ne sɛ wubɛkae. Saa nhyehyɛe yi boa ma yɛte ase sɛ sɛ wopaw nkyerɛase a ɛyɛ wo dea no nyɛ ade koro ne sɛ wubetumi aka asɛmfua bi ntɛm bere a morekasa no. Laufer et al., 2004
Nsɛmfua dodow nso gyina sɛnea wobu nsɛmfua no so. Borɔfo nsɛmfua dodow ho krataa kɛse no ma nsonsonoe wɔ nsɛmfua a wɔakyerɛw, nsɛmfua ntini ne nsɛmfua abusua a wɔde nnyinaso asɛmfua di dwuma mu. Sɛ wunim nsɛmfua bi a wɔasesa wɔn awiei no pii a, ɛnkyerɛ ankasa sɛ wunim nsɛmfua ahorow a ɛyɛ wɔn ankasa dodow koro no ara. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Nsɛmfua a wɔte ase pii boa ma wɔkenkan ade?
Ebetumi ama wɔatumi ate nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw no mu pii ase, nanso nsɛmfua dodow a ɛwɔ nkyekyɛm bi mu nyɛ ntease ho susudua a edi mu. Nation hwehwɛ sɛ nsɛmfua abusua dodow ahe na ɛkata nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw ne nea wɔka so; Schmitt ne ne mfɛfo nso hu sɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda nsɛmfua a wunim wɔ nkyekyɛm bi mu ne nea wote ase ntam no kɔ so nkakrankakra. Nsɛmfua dodow bi ntumi mma wote biribiara ase ara kwa. Nation, 2006 SCHMITT et al., 2011
Dɛn na ɛka ho asɛm?
Adɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ sɛnea yɛka ade a yɛte ne yɛn akenkan ho asɛm yiye?
Webb nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa nsɛmfua a wɔka ho nsɛm mpɛn pii ho no hwɛ sɛnea hyia mpɛn pii nya nsɛmfua nimdeɛ afã horow so nkɛntɛnso. Ɛboa ma yɛda nsonsonoe a ɛda adesua a enni mu ne nimdeɛ a edi mu ntam; ɛnkyerɛ sɛ mpɛn dodow bi pɔtee a wobɛhyia asɛmfua no bɛma wode adi dwuma bere a wunsusuw ho na worekasa. Asɛmfua no mu den, tebea ne adesua adwuma no da so ara ho hia. Webb, 2007
Nsɛmfua dodow ho nhwehwɛmu no ka abusuabɔ a ɛda mfe ne nhomasua ntam ho asɛm, na ɛsan susuw sɛnea nsɛm a wɔde hyɛ adwene mu bere tenten betumi akyerɛkyerɛ mu ho. Ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea wɔhwɛe yi ase sɛ obiara sua nsɛmfua dodow pɔtee da biara, anaa yɛhyɛ bɔ sɛ akenkan dodow pɔtee bi bɛma obi anya nsɛmfua a ɔde di dwuma dodow pɔtee. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Mfe, bɔbeasu ne kasa nso ɛ?
Nsonsonoe a ɛda asɛmfua a wuhu ne nea wode yɛ adwuma ntam fa sɛnea wɔyɛ adwuma no ho, nanso adesua a wɔafa aka yi mma nsɛmfua dodow a ɛyɛ pɛ a wɔasesa sɛnea mfe anaa bɔbeasu te ho. Kasa a edi kan, nimdeɛ dodow ne nsɛmfua pɔtee a wɔde yɛ sɔhwɛ no sesa sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ yɛte nea efi mu ba no ase. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde Borɔfo nsusuwii di dwuma wɔ kasa afoforo mu a wɔansesa, efisɛ wɔn nsɛmfua sesa no ne sɛnea wɔkan wɔn gu ahorow. Webb, 2008 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Akenkan ahoɔhare nso sesa sɛnea obi nim kasa no ne nea enti a ɔrekenkan no. Akenkan a ɛyɛ nnam kakra anaa kasa a obi ka a ɔtwentwɛn ne nan ase no, nsɛmfua dodow susudua biako rentumi nkyerɛkyerɛ mu korakora. Ntease ne kasa a yɛka no hwehwɛ adwene mu adwuma afoforo nso. Brysbaert, 2019 SCHMITT et al., 2011
Dɛn na wubetumi asusuw ho ankasa?
Fa adwuma a ɛne asɛmmisa no hyia di dwuma. Sɛ wode nsɛmfua hu sɔhwɛ di dwuma a, ebetumi akyerɛ sɛnea wuhu nsɛmfua wɔ nsɛmmisa no mu; sɛ wopɛ sɛ wohwɛ sɛnea wokae nsɛmfua de yɛ adwuma a, ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ adwuma a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ woyɛ saa wɔ tebea a wɔresɔ ahwɛ no mu. Sɛ wode abien no toto ho a, ɛsɛ sɛ nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma no ne mmara a wɔde bu mmuae no yɛ pɛ. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Sɛ wotete wo ho ma wokae nsɛmfua a, ebetumi afa botae a ɛne sɛ wobɛkae nsɛm ho, nanso adesua yi mma nhyehyɛe bi a wɔahyɛ bɔ sɛ ɛbɛma kasa a woka no ayɛ torotoro. Nea yebetumi aka nokwarem ne sɛ nkɔso wɔ nsɛmfua nimdeɛ afã pɔtee bi mu na ɛbɛba; ɛnyɛ sɛ nsɛmfua a wuhu susudua biako kyerɛ biribiara a wubetumi aka, ate ase anaa akae. Webb, 2007 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Yɛ sɔhwɛ kwa a ɛfa eyi ho no
Nsɛmfua nimdeɛ sɔhwɛ
Yɛ nsɛmfua nimdeɛ sɔhwɛ no sɛ adwuma a ɛhwɛ sɛnea wuhu nsɛmfua, na kenkan nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛfa sɛnea wɔkan ne sɛnea wɔkyerɛ nea wo nim ho. Ɛnsusuw nsɛmfua a wubetumi de aka nsɛm nyinaa ho, na ɛnhyɛ nsɛmfua a wubehu ne nea wode bedi dwuma ntam nsonsonoe pɔtee bi ho nkɔm.
Nsɛmmisa a wɔtaa bisa
So nsɛmfua a wɔte ase no dɔɔso bere nyinaa sen nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma mmɔho 2?
Nsɛmfua dodow a ɛyɛ pɛ saa nni hɔ a wɔagye atom. Nsonsonoe a ɛda no adi no sesa wɔ nsɛmfua, adwuma kwan ne nimdeɛ dodow a wɔhwehwɛ ho. Webb, 2008
Sɛ mihu asɛmfua bi a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ minim no yiye?
Ɛkyerɛ nimdeɛ a asɛmmisa no hwehwɛ. Sɛ wokae asɛmfua, nkyerɛase mu dɔ ne sɛnea wode di dwuma wɔ tebea mu a, ebetumi ahwehwɛ nsɛm ahorow. Laufer et al., 2004
Nsɛmfua nimdeɛ sɔhwɛ aba bɛkyerɛ sɛnea mɛte akenkan ase?
Ebetumi ama woanya nsɛm bi, nanso nsɛmfua a wunim wɔ nkyekyɛm bi mu ne nea wote ase no wɔ abusuabɔ, nanso ɛnyɛ susudua koro. SCHMITT et al., 2011
F nkyerɛkyerɛmu fibea
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Nsɛmfua ahe na yenim? Nsɛmfua dodow ho akontaabu a mfaso wɔ so a egyina sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ nsɛmfua ase, kasa mu nsɛm dodow a obi te, ne nea ɔreka ho asɛm no mfe so.
- Nation (2006). Nsɛmfua dodow ahe na ɛhia na wɔatumi akenkan na wɔatie?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Nsɛmfua nimdeɛ sɔhwɛ: dodow, ahoɔden ne kɔmputa dwumadi a ɛsakra ma ɛne nea wɔyɛ no hyia.
- Webb (2008). Nsɛmfua dodow a kasa a ɛto so 2 a wɔsua no mu asuafo tumi te ne nea wotumi de di dwuma.
- Webb (2007). Nsɛmfua a wɔsan ka no nkɛntɛnso wɔ nsɛmfua nimdeɛ so.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Nsɛmfua ahe na ɛwɔ sukuu Borɔfo kasa a wɔatintim mu?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Nsɛmfua ahe na yɛkenkan wɔ simma biara mu? Akenkan ahoɔhare ho nhwehwɛmu ne nhwehwɛmu mu nsɛm a wɔka bom.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Nsɛmfua ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu a wɔnim wɔ nsɛm bi mu ne akenkan nteaseɛ.