Adanse titiriw ne nɔma
| Adanseɛ a nhwehwɛmu no kaa ho asɛm | Nea ɛbaeɛ | Nkyerɛmu |
|---|---|---|
| Hirai Borɔfo asuafoɔ, kuw a wɔtee nsɛm no yie | 139 WPM | Wɔbuaa nsɛmmisa no bɛboro 75% yie |
| Nhwehwɛmu korɔ no mu kuw foforɔ | 61 WPM | Wɔn nteaseɛ nyaa nsunsuansoɔ soronko |
| Dutch ne Borɔfo kasafoɔ mmienu a wɔkenkan abasɛm nhwehwɛmu | L2 mu brɛyɛɛ 17% | Kasafoɔ ne dwumadi pɔtee bi |
Wɔaka nsɛm yi wɔ nhwehwɛmu no fã a ɛfa akenkanfoɔ a wɔnyɛ kasa no mufoɔ ho. Nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ pefee sɛ abasɛm nhwehwɛmu no akontabuo mma kwan mma wɔnyɛ WPM dodow pɔtee bi a wɔbɛtumi de atoto ho tẽẽ. Saa nkyerɛmu yi ho hia: ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde 17% no yɛ nsakraeɛ dodow ma kasa sufoɔ biara. Brysbaert, 2019
Adɛn nti na kasa ho nimdeɛ ho hia sen sɛ wɔbɛfrɛ no L2
Kasa a obi sua toatoa so no sesa sɛnea ɔyɛ nsɛmfua ho adwuma, a sɛnea ɔte nsɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma no ka ho. Whitford ne Titone nhwehwɛmu no hwɛ saa nsunsuansoɔ yi denam aniwa nanteɛ so bere a wɔkenkan nkyekyɛmu no. Enti, nnipa mmienu a wɔn kasa a wɔdii kan ne deɛ ɛto so abien yɛ korɔ no, sɛ wɔn a wɔate kasa no ne wɔn nimdeɛ mu yɛ soronko a, nsɛmfua a ɛhaw wɔn nso bɛyɛ soronko. Whitford et al., 2012
Nsɛmfua ho nimdeɛ ka saa tebea yi ho. Nsɛmfua a wotumi te nhwehwɛmu no bisa nsɛmfua dodow a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwee pɔtee bi mu a ɔkenkanfoɔ nim. Nanso nsɛmfua dodow ho akontabuo gyina sɛ wɔkan nsɛmfua ahorow, nsɛmfua ntini anaa nsɛmfua mmusua so. Nsɛmfua dodow a wɔkan kɛkɛ ntumi nkyerɛ sɛ obi bɛkenkan nkyerɛwee biara yie. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Adɛn nti na WPM ntumi mfa kasa ahorow ntoto tẽẽ
Kasa ahorow de nkyerɛwee nsɛmfua dodow a ɛsono de kyerɛ nsɛm a ɛte sɛɛ. Nsɛmfua tenten, kasa nhyehyɛeɛ ne akyerɛw nhyehyɛeɛ nyinaa nya nsunsuansoɔ wɔ adeɛ a wɔkan no so. Enti akenkan ahoɔhare ne aniwa nanteɛ ho nhwehwɛmu no nkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkyerɛ aseɛ sɛ WPM a ɛba fam wɔ kasa foforɔ mu kyerɛ adwene nimdeɛ a ɛba fam anaa adwene a ɛyɛ brɛ. Brysbaert, 2019 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Dɛn na ɛka ho asɛm?
Nkyerɛwee no mu den ne dwumadi no akwankyerɛ sesa nea ɛbɛba
Akenkan de anigyeɛ, adesua ne nokwasɛm bi a wɔrepɛ yɛ dwumadi ahorow. Ani nanteɛ ho nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ nsɛmfua a ɛyɛ den ne nteaseɛ ahiadeɛ nya nsunsuansoɔ wɔ nea aniwa hwɛ so no. Ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛfa abasɛm a obi nim ne mfiridwuma ho nsɛm a onnim sɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ korɔ a wɔde sɔ akenkan ahoɔhare a ɛnsesa ho hwɛ. Rayner, 1998 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Sɛ akenkanfoɔ no san kɔfa nsɛm bi mu a, ebetumi aboa no ma wate nea na ɛyɛ no mu nna hɔ no ase. Sɔhwɛ mu adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔbara obi sɛ ɔnsan nkenkan a, nteaseɛ so te no, ɛma yɛhwɛ yiye na yɛnnyɛ no sɛ gyinaeɛ sɛ sɛ obi a ɔkenkan L2 san kɔfa nsɛm mu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔnyɛ adwuma yie. Bere tenten no bi betumi aboa nteaseɛ. Schotter et al., 2014
Yebetumi de nteɛsoɔ ato nsonsonoeɛ no so anaa?
Nhwehwɛmu ahorow no kyerɛ sɛ kasa a obi ate ne sɛnea ɔhunu nsɛmfua ntɛm ho hia, nanso ɛnkyerɛ nnɔnhwere dodow pɔtee bi a obiara hia na watumi akenkan ne kasa a odii kan no ntɛmntɛm. Saa nhwɛsoɔ ahorow yi a ɛfiri nhwehwɛmu ahorow mu no nso mma kwan mma wɔmfa mfeɛ ne bɔbeasu nyɛ nteteeɛ mu nkɔsoɔ ho nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfata. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɔ nkɔsoɔ hwɛ wɔ dwumadi ne kasa tebea a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ pɛ mu. Rayner et al., 2016 Whitford et al., 2012
Fa nkyerɛwee a wunnim na ɛfata di dwuma, hwɛ sɛ wote aseɛ, na kyerɛw kasa ne nea enti a woyɛɛ bere-sɔhwɛ no gu hɔ. Sɛ wokenkan nkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ mmerɛ ntɛm a, ebetumi aboa; nanso ɛno nko ara nkyerɛ sɛ w’akenkan nimdeɛ akɔ anim saa ara wɔ nkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ den so. Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wode toto ho a, ɛsɛ sɛ nkyerɛwee no mu den ne botaeɛ no yɛ pɛ sɛnea ɛbɛtumi ayɛ. Brysbaert, 2019 Nation, 2006
Enti, mmuaeɛ a mfasoɔ wɔ so no yɛ nsunsuansoɔ ahorow, na ɛnyɛ dodow baako a wɔde bɛhyɛ mu. Nea wɔatintim sɛ 139, 61 ne 17% no kyerɛ sɛ nnipakuw ne dwumadi no ho hia paa. Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛboa ma yɛte nsonsonoeɛ ase, na ɛnyɛ sɛ yɛde bɔ kasa sufoɔ nyinaa ho mmara foforɔ. Brysbaert, 2019
Yɛ sɔhwɛ kwa a ɛfa eyi ho no
Akenkan ahoɔhare sɔhwɛ
Sɔ akenkan ahoɔhare sɔhwɛ no wɔ kasa a wote ase mu, na bua nteaseɛ nsɛmmisa no. Fa kasa ahorow mu nsɔhwɛ aba no sie mpaapaamu. Borɔfo nhwehwɛmu akontabuo no yɛ nkyerɛmu a ɛboa ma yɛte asɛm no ase; ɛnyɛ nsakraeɛ a wɔde kyerɛ wo kasa nimdeɛ anaa IQ.
Nsɛmmisa a wɔtaa bisa
Sɛ mekenkan L2 mu brɛ sen mprenu a, ɛyɛ biribi a ɛmfata anaa?
Saa nhwehwɛmu yi nkyerɛ sɛ ankorankoro ntotoho dodow bi yɛ nea ɛmfata. Kasa nimdeɛ, nkyerɛwee mu den ne dwumadi no botaeɛ sesa dodo sɛ ɛbɛma wɔatumi aka saa. Brysbaert, 2019
Metumi de Borɔfo WPM atoto kasa foforɔ ho anaa?
Ɛsɛ sɛ wususuw sɛ nkyerɛwee nsɛmfua ne nsɛm dodow a nsɛmfua biara kyerɛ no yɛ soronko. WPM nkutoo nyɛ ntotoho a ɛfa kasa nyinaa ho. Brysbaert, 2019
Ɛsɛ sɛ mehyɛ me ho sɛ mennnsan nkenkan anaa?
Ɛnsɛ sɛ woyɛ saa denam adwene a ɛne sɛ sɛ wosan kɔfa nsɛm mu biara a, ɛyɛ hu so. Sɛ wosan kenkan a, ebetumi aboa nteaseɛ; ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ nteaseɛ ne ahoɔhare nyinaa. Schotter et al., 2014
F nkyerɛkyerɛmu fibea
- Brysbaert (2019). Nsɛmfua dodow sɛn na yɛkenkan wɔ simma biara mu? Akenkan ahoɔhare ho nhwehwɛmu ne nhwehwɛmu mu akontabuo.
- Rayner et al. (2016). Nneɛma pii a yɛbɛkenkan, bere kakraa bi.
- Rayner (1998). Aniwa nanteɛ wɔ akenkan ne nsɛm ho dwumadi mu: mfeɛ 20 mu nhwehwɛmu.
- CLIFTON et al. (2015). Aniwa nanteɛ wɔ akenkan ne nsɛm ho dwumadi mu: Keith Rayner mfeɛ 40 adwuma.
- Whitford et al. (2012). Kasa a ɛto so abien ho osuahu sesa nsɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ kasa a edi kan ne deɛ ɛto so abien mu: Adanseɛ a ɛfiri aniwa nanteɛ a wɔde hwɛ akenkan a ɛba fam mu.
- Nation (2006). Nsɛmfua dodow sɛn na ɛho hia na wɔde akenkan ne atie?.
- Schotter et al. (2014). Nnye nea wokenkan pɛnkoro pɛ no nni.
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Nsɛmfua dodow sɛn na yenim? Nsɛmfua ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu, kasa a obi ate ne ne mfeɛ gyinaeɛ so, nsɛmfua nimdeɛ dodow ho akontabuo a mfasoɔ wɔ so.