Adanse titiriw ne nɔma
| Ɔkwan a wɔfaa so susuw wɔ nhwehwɛmu koro no ara mu | Nea wɔkae fi anim, dodow a wɔkyekyem | Nea wɔkae fi akyi, dodow a wɔkyekyem |
|---|---|---|
| Dodow a ɛsen biara a wɔnyae denam ɔkwan a wɔtaa de gyina sɔhwɛ no ano so | digits 6.35 | digits 4.61 |
| Dodow a ɛsen biara wɔ sɔhwɛ no mu nyinaa | digits 6.77 | digits 5.19 |
| Ɔkwan a ɛsakra sɔhwɛ no mu dodow a wɔkae no | digits 6.52 | digits 4.91 |
Woods ne ne mfɛfo kyerɛɛ saa gyinapɛn yi wɔ Table 6 mu. Wɔde kɔmputa so maa wɔn no tee nɔma no. Agodie a wɔde ani hwɛ nɔma no nyinaa no de ɔkwan foforo na ɛkyerɛ nɔma no na wɔkae, enti eyinom nyɛ Helibrain nkontaa gyinapɛn. Nhwehwɛmu no ara mu mpo, sɛ wɔsakra ɔkwan a wɔde susuw a, dodow a ɛte sɛ nea obi tumi kae no sesa. Woods et al., 2010
Dɛn na nɔma no a wɔdannan no ka ho?
Sɛ obi rekae fi anim a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔkura nneɛma no ne wɔn nnidiso wɔ ne tirim. Sɛ ɔrekae fi akyi a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔde nneɛma no si nnidiso foforo mu, na ebetumi ahwehwɛ sɛ ɔsakra wɔn nnidiso anaasɛ ɔde ɔkwan foforo hwehwɛ wɔn. Nnwuma a ɛfa adwene nkae ho kyerɛ sɛ ɛsono nneɛma a yɛkora bere tiaa bi no ne akwan a yɛfa so hwɛ so anaa yɛsakra nea yɛkora no; ɛnyɛ sɛ adwuma biara kyerɛ ade koro biako pɛ a ɛwɔ adwene mu. Baddeley, 2012 Conway et al., 2005
Eyi nkyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda akyi ne anim ntam no yɛ adwene mu ahwɛso tumi dodow a wɔatoto mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa nɔma dodow nkae ho no kyerɛ nea enti a susuw pɛpɛɛpɛ ho hia wɔ saa ntotoho yi mu. Ɔkwan a obi fa so kae, mfomso ahorow ne bere a wɔde gyina sɔhwɛ no ano nyinaa ka nea nsonsonoe no kyerɛ ho. Woods et al., 2010
Adɛn nti na nsonma 7 nyɛ mmara a ɛfa obiara ho?
Miller nhwehwɛmu a agye din no fa nsɛm ne sɛnea wɔsan hyehyɛ no ho; ɛnhyɛ bɔ sɛ obiara bɛkae nɔma 7 pɛ. Cowan nhwehwɛmu a edi hɔ no susuw akuw nketewa bi ho, bere a wɔabara sɛ wɔnsan nkae biribi anaa wɔmmoaboa nneɛma no ano. Saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow yi de nhyehyɛe ne susudua ahorow di dwuma; emu biara nkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi dodow pɔtee bi fi nɔma a obi kae fi anim mu na ama yɛahu nea ɔbɛkae fi akyi. Miller, 1956 Cowan, 2001
Dɛn na ɛka ho asɛm?
Mfe, nhomasua ne sɛnea wɔde nɔma no ma ho hia
Nɔma dodow nkae ho nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn no hwɛɛ mfe ne nhomasua, nanso mpanyimfo a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no nyɛ gyinapɛn a ɛfa mfe nyinaa, kasa nyinaa ne akwan nyinaa a wɔfa so de nsɛm ma ho. Mfe mu nsonsonoe a wohui wɔ saa kuw no mu no nkyerɛ sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔde mfe sesa browser mu ɔha nkyem dodow a obi nya. Nɔma a wɔte nso wɔ nnidiso mu na wɔde ma; ɛsono sɛnea wɔde nɔma no nyinaa kyerɛ obi prɛko pɛ. Woods et al., 2010
Nimdeɛ a obi anya bere tenten betumi ama ɔkwan a ɔfa so kyerɛw nɔma kuw bi wɔ ne tirim asesa. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa nneɛma anoaboa ho kyerɛ sɛ sɛ nneɛma no wɔ nhyehyɛe a, ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔde wɔn nyinaa bɛkae. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛɛ wɔ obi a ɔde bere pii tetee ne ho mu no kyerɛɛ sɛ ɔde nkae ho akwan a osuae no nyaa nkɔanim kɛse wɔ nɔma dodow a na otumi kae mu. Nanso saa nsɛm yi nkyerɛ sɛ nkae ahorow nyinaa bɛkɔ anim pɛpɛɛpɛ. Mathy et al., 2012 Ericsson et al., 1980
Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔte nsonsonoe a obi ankasa nya ase?
Fa adwuma no nkyerɛase ne ɔkwan a wɔde susuw no nyinaa sie. Sɛ obi kae nɔma kakraa bi fi akyi a, ɛno nkutoo nkyerɛ sɛ ɔyare. Saa ara na sɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda obi ankasa anim ne akyi ntam no dɔɔso sen nea wɔtaa hu a, wɔrentumi mfa nkyerɛw yare bi ho adanse, gye sɛ wɔde susudua ne gyinapɛn a ɛfata di dwuma. Nkae dodow susuw akwan ho nhwehwɛmu no si hia a ɛho hia sɛ wɔde ɔkwan a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu yiye di dwuma ansa na wɔatwe adwene nkae ho nsɛm bi afi mu so dua. Conway et al., 2005
Saa ara na ɛnyɛ papa sɛ wɔde nɔma dodow a obi kae fi anim anaa akyi bɛkyerɛ n-back dodow pɔtee bi. Nhwehwɛmu a ɛboaboaa nsɛm ano no kyerɛ sɛ n-back ne nkae dodow susuw ahorow no nyɛ ade koro, ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔde adwene nkae din bata ho. Sɛnea obi yɛ adwuma no gyina sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ ohu biribi, yɛ nsakrae wɔ nea ɔkura wɔ ne tirim no mu, na ɔkae no so. Redick et al., 2013
Sɛ wode hwɛ wo nkɔso kɛkɛ a, fa nea wokaee fi anim toto nea wokaee fi anim ho, na nea wokaee fi akyi nso fa toto nea wokaee fi akyi ho; hwɛ sɛnea wɔde nɔma no ma no nyɛ pɛ. Sɛ wosakra ɔkwan a wode boa wo ho ma wokae no a, kyerɛw saa nsakrae no to hɔ. Nkontaa pa betumi akyerɛ sɛ woanya ɔkwan a eye ma saa nneɛma yi, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wo nkae tumi nyinaa atrɛw. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Yɛ sɔhwɛ kwa a ɛfa eyi ho no
Nɔma nkae sɔhwɛ
Sɔ nɔma nkae sɔhwɛ no hwɛ sɛ adwuma a wode ani hwɛ na wokae. Ɛsɛ sɛ wode n’ankasa akwankyerɛ kyerɛ nea wo nyaa wɔ sɔhwɛ no mu ase; ɛnyɛ ɔkwan a wɔde ma nɔma wɔ aso mu na wɔkae no fi anim ne akyi a wɔakyerɛ wɔ pon no mu. Mfa nsonsonoe a wɔatintim no nyɛ botae a ɛkyerɛ yare.
Nsɛmmisa a wɔtaa bisa
Nsonsonoe a wɔhwɛ kwan no yɛ nɔma 2 pɛ?
Dabi. Sɛ wɔde ɔkwan a wɔtaa de susuw no dii dwuma a, nsonsonoe a ɛda nhwehwɛmu no mu dodow a wɔkyekyem ntam yɛ digits 1.74, na akwan afoforo a wɔde susuw no maa nsonsonoe foforo. Eyi nyɛ mmara a ɛfa obiara ho. Woods et al., 2010
Obi betumi akae dodow pii fi akyi sen fi anim?
Nnipa no ankorankora nsusuwii ne akwan a wɔfa so kae no betumi ayɛ soronko. Kuw no mu dodow a wɔkyekyem no nkyerɛ sɛ bere biara a wɔbɛyɛ sɔhwɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ obiara tumi kae dodow pii fi anim sen fi akyi. Woods et al., 2010
Metumi adan nɔma dodow nkae no ayɛ n-back?
Saa nsɛm yi mma kwan a wɔagye atom bi a wɔde bɛdan akɔma n-back; saa nnwuma yi nyɛ susudua a ɛyɛ ade koro. Redick et al., 2013
F nkyerɛkyerɛmu fibea
- Woods et al. (2010). Nɔma dodow nkae susuw a wɔama atu mpɔn wɔ nkae tiawa a ɛfa nsɛm a wɔka ho.
- Cowan (2001). Nɔma 4 a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ nkae tiawa mu: Nsusuwii foforo a wɔde hwɛ adwene mu nneɛma sie tumi.
- Miller (1956). Nɔma 7 a ɛyɛ nwonwa, a wɔde 2 ka ho anaa woyi fi mu: Ahye a ɛwɔ sɛnea yedi nsɛm ho dwuma tumi mu..
- Baddeley (2012). Adwene nkae: Nkyerɛkyerɛmu, nhwɛso ne nsɛm a nnipa gye ho akyinnye.
- Conway et al. (2005). Adwene nkae dodow nnwuma: Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ho nhwehwɛmu ne akwankyerɛ ma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma.
- Redick et al. (2013). Adwene nkae dodow a emu yɛ den ne n-back susudua: Nsɛm a wɔboaboaa ano wɔ nhwehwɛmu mu.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Nkae ho nimdeɛ a obi nya.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Dɛn na ɛma nɔma a wɔfrɛ no nwonwa no yɛ soronko? Nneɛma anoaboa ne nsɛm a wɔmia mu wɔ nkae tiawa mu.