N-back ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ?

ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱪᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱛᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ। Owen ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ neuroimaging ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ stimulus ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ, ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ। Owen et al., 2005

ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱭᱟ। N-back ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ। Baddeley, 2012 Cowan, 2001

Complex-span ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱥᱢᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ n-back ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱰᱮᱭᱟ। Conway et al., 2005

N-back ᱫᱚ span ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ?

Redick ᱟᱨ Lindsey ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ meta-analysis ᱨᱮ n-back ᱟᱨ complex span ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱲᱤᱪ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ। Redick et al., 2013

ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ lag ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ

Stimulus ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛ, ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ, target ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ alarm ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱭᱟ। ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱚᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱢᱮ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ; ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ n-level ᱵᱟᱝ। N-back ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱚᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱬ, ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ level ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ। Owen et al., 2005 Redick et al., 2013

ᱦᱟᱹᱢᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱥ level ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ। Redick et al., 2013 Conway et al., 2005

ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ?

N-back ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ meta-analysis ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱩᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ। ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱩᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ। ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ n-back ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ। Soveri et al., 2017 Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016

ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ। ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱜᱼᱟ। ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱼᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ। Hedge et al., 2017

ᱟᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ, ᱚᱠᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ। ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱢ stimulus ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱯ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮ। ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ। Owen et al., 2005 Redick et al., 2013