Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Icyo bamwe bavuga | Ibisobanurwa n’ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi |
|---|---|
| Kuvugira mu mutima bituma buri wese asoma ku muvuduko wo kuvuga | Gusoma bucece no gusoma uranguruye bifite imivuduko itandukanye; nta bimenyetso bishyigikira ko bingana |
| Guhagarika kuvugira mu mutima byemeza ko usobanukirwa vuba | Nta bimenyetso byemeza ko ibyo bihora biba gutyo |
| Gusubira inyuma amaso buri gihe ni uguta igihe | Ubushakashatsi bw’igerageza bwerekana ko kongera gusoma bishobora gufasha gusobanukirwa |
| Umubare munini wa WPM ugaragazwa buri gihe usobanura gusoma neza | Hagomba no gupimwa uko umuntu yasobanukiwe |
Ijambo kuvugira mu mutima rikoreshwa risobanura ibintu bitandukanye. Rishobora kuvuga ijwi umuntu yumva mu bitekerezo, ibikorwa byoroheje bifitanye isano no kuvuga, cyangwa gutunganya ururimi hifashishijwe ishusho y’amajwi. Ibyo ntibipimwa kimwe. Isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi ku gusoma vuba rivuga ku gutunganya amajwi mu rurimi, kandi rirwanya igitekerezo cy’uko kutumva ijwi ryo mu mutima byakuraho imirimo y’ururimi isabwa mu gusoma. Rayner et al., 2016
Impamvu kunyeganyeza amaso vuba bidahagije
Amaso akusanya amakuru abonesha kureba ahantu hamwe no kuyimura vuba, ariko gusobanukirwa bisaba kumenya amagambo no guhuza ibisobanuro byayo. Isuzuma ry’imigendere y’amaso rigaragaza ko kureba no gutunganya ururimi bifatanyije. Kwihutisha ikintu werekezaho urutoki cyangwa kubuza amaso gusubira inyuma ntibyemeza ko umuntu yasobanukiwe amakuru amwe. Rayner, 1998 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Schotter na bagenzi be bakoze igerageza ryabuzaga umuntu kongera gusoma amagambo yari amaze gusoma, ku buryo atashoboraga kubikora ngo bimufashe. Gusobanukirwa byaragabanutse. Ibyo ntibihamya ko gusubira inyuma buri gihe ari ngombwa; ariko bivuguruza igitekerezo cyo gufata buri gusubira inyuma nk’ikosa rigomba guhita rikurwaho. Schotter et al., 2014
Impamvu hari inyandiko umuntu yumva ko yasomye vuba cyane
Kumenyera amagambo n’uburambe mu rurimi bihindura ingano y’imirimo yo gutunganya amakuru. Ubushakashatsi ku nshuro amagambo yo mu rurimi rwa kabiri akoreshwa n’ubushakashatsi ku bumenyi bw’amagambo busobanura impamvu ijambo umuntu atamenyereye cyangwa ururimi atitoje cyane bishobora kumutindisha. Ibyo ntibigaragaza ko kuvugira mu mutima ari byo bitera gutinda, nubwo umuntu ashobora kumva iryo jwi ryo mu mutima cyane iyo asoma inyandiko igoye. Whitford et al., 2012 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Bite ku gusoma wiruka ureba ibikuru?
Gusoma wiruka ureba ibikuru bishobora gufasha iyo ushaka kubona ingingo runaka cyangwa kumenya muri rusange ibivugwa. Bityo uba usomye amakuru make, kandi ugomba kubigereranya n’icyo wari ugamije. Isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi ku gusoma vuba ritandukanya ibyo no gusobanukirwa inyandiko yose neza mu gihe gito cyane. Gusoma ibikuru vuba ntibihamya ko wasobanukiwe neza ibisobanuro birambuye. Rayner et al., 2016
Impuzandengo y’imibare ku bantu bakuru na yo ifite aho igarukira. Ikomoka ku bipimo byakorewe mu Cyongereza, byiganjemo abantu bize, kandi ntigaragaza ibisanzwe ku myaka yose no mu ndimi zose. Abana, abantu bakuru bageze mu zabukuru n’abasoma ururimi rwa kabiri ntibagomba kugereranywa n’impuzandengo imwe gusa cyangwa ngo bacirwe urubanza hashingiwe ku kuba bumva ijwi ryo mu mutima cyangwa bataryumva. Brysbaert, 2019
Ni iki gishyigikiwe aho kugerageza guhagarika iryo jwi?
Soma inyandiko ijyanye n’icyo ushaka kugeraho, genzura niba wasobanukiwe, kandi urusheho kumenyera ururimi n’ingingo uvugwaho. Isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi ku gusoma rishyigikira ko uburambe n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi ari ibintu bifite akamaro, ariko ntirigaragaza igihe umuntu wese agomba kumara yitoza cyangwa umuvuduko yiyongeraho byanze bikunze. Ubushakashatsi ku rugero amagambo azwiho na bwo bwerekeye amagambo umuntu azi yo muri iyo nyandiko, aho kuba uburyo bwo guhita wihutisha gusoma. Rayner et al., 2016 Nation, 2006
Niba ushaka kwigereranya, koresha inyandiko utamenyereye kandi ugereranye uko wasobanukiwe n’igihe wayisomeye. Niba uburyo ukoresha bwongera WPM ariko bukagabanya ubushobozi bwo gusobanura inyandiko, sobanura ko hari ibyo bungutse n’ibyo butakaje. Kuba wumva ko ijwi ryo mu mutima ryagabanutse, byonyine, ntibihamya ko urimo gusoma neza kurushaho. Rayner et al., 2016 Schotter et al., 2014
Intego ishoboka ni ugusobanukirwa neza inyandiko ikubereye, ukoresheje igihe neza. Nta soko ryavuzwe ryerekana ko guhagarika kuvugira mu mutima mu gihe cy’ikizamini cyo gusoma kuri mushakisha byongera ubwenge muri rusange cyangwa bikuraho burundu imbogamizi z’ururimi mu gusoma. Rayner et al., 2016 CLIFTON et al., 2015
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cy’umuvuduko wo gusoma
Gerageza ikizamini cy’umuvuduko wo gusoma udahatira guhagarika uburyo utamenyereye. Andika uko wasobanukiwe hamwe n’umuvuduko wawe. Nugerageza guhindura uburyo usoma, fata ibisubizo nk’igereranya rireba iyo nyandiko gusa, aho kubifata nk’igipimo cyemewe cy’ijwi ryo mu mutima.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Kumva ijwi mu mutima byerekana ko umuntu adasoma neza?
Isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi ntirishyigikira uwo mwanzuro muri rusange. Gutunganya ururimi bifitanye isano n’amajwi no kuvuga ijambo ryose uranguruye ni ibintu bibiri bitandukanye. Rayner et al., 2016
Nkwiye kwirinda gusubiza amaso inyuma?
Si itegeko rusange. Igerageza ryagenzuwe ryagaragaje ko gusubira gusoma bishobora gufasha umuntu gusobanukirwa. Schotter et al., 2014
Ese nshobora kwitoza gusoma ndeba ibikuru ukwabyo?
Yego, ariko bibone nk’ugutoranya amakuru kugira ngo ubone incamake cyangwa ushake ingingo runaka, aho kubifata nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko wasobanukiwe buri kantu kose ku muvuduko ugaragazwa. Rayner et al., 2016
Amasoko
- Brysbaert (2019). Ni amagambo angahe dusoma mu munota? Isuzuma n’isesengura rusange ry’umuvuduko wo gusoma.
- Rayner et al. (2016). Inyandiko nyinshi cyane zo gusoma, igihe gito cyane.
- Rayner (1998). Imigendere y’amaso mu gusoma no gutunganya amakuru: imyaka 20 y’ubushakashatsi.
- CLIFTON et al. (2015). Imigendere y’amaso mu gusoma no gutunganya amakuru: umurage w’imyaka 40 ya Keith Rayner.
- Whitford et al. (2012). Uburambe mu rurimi rwa kabiri buhindura ingaruka z’inshuro amagambo akoreshwa mu rurimi rwa mbere n’urwa kabiri: Ibimenyetso bishingiye ku bipimo by’imigendere y’amaso mu gihe cyo gusoma inyandiko zisanzwe.
- Nation (2006). Ni amagambo angahe umuntu akeneye kumenya kugira ngo asome kandi yumve ibyo yumvise?.
- Schotter et al. (2014). Ntukizere ibyo wasomye inshuro imwe gusa.
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Ni amagambo angahe tuzi? Igereranya rifatika ry’ingano y’amagambo umuntu azi, rishingiye ku gisobanuro cy’ijambo, urugero rw’amakuru umuntu ahura na yo mu rurimi n’imyaka y’uwitabiriye ubushakashatsi.