Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Igikorwa cyakorewe mu bushakashatsi | Abitabiriye | Impuzandengo y’igihe cyapimwe |
|---|---|---|
| Kwihutira kugira icyo ukora ku kimenyetso kiboneka, ubushakashatsi bwa 1 bwa Woods | Abantu bakuru 1,469, bafite imyaka 18–65 | 231 ms |
| Guhitamo icyo ukora ku kimenyetso kiboneka, ubushakashatsi bwa 1 bwa Woods | Abantu bakuru 1,466, bafite imyaka 18–65 | 550 ms |
| Igikorwa cyo guhitamo, itsinda rifite imyaka 18–24 | Abitabiriye 86 | 472 ms |
| Igikorwa cyo guhitamo, itsinda rifite imyaka 59–65 | Abitabiriye 246 | 590 ms |
Imibare y’igikorwa cyoroshye iboneka mu ncamake y’itsinda ryacyitabiriye; amatsinda y’imyaka n’impuzandengo z’igikorwa cyo guhitamo biri mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu rwego rumwe rw’ubushakashatsi, ariko bwakoresheje ibimenyetso n’ibisabwa mu mirimo bitandukanye. Gukuramo impuzandengo rusange zombi ni imibare isobanura itandukaniro gusa; ntibipima neza igiciro cy’icyiciro kimwe cy’imikorere yo mu bwenge. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015
Bigenda bite iyo hiyongereyeho guhitamo?
Mu gikorwa cyoroshye, umuntu ashobora gutegura igikorwa kimwe mbere ya buri kimenyetso. Mu gikorwa cyo guhitamo, agomba kumenya icyagaragaye no kugihuza n’igikorwa agomba gukora. Ubushakashatsi bwa kera bwa Hick na Hyman buhuza igihe cyo gusubiza n’amakuru ari mu mahitamo, harimo umubare n’amahirwe y’ibimenyetso bishoboka. Hick, 1952 Hyman, 1953
Ni yo mpamvu umuntu ashobora kwihutira gusubiza urumuri, ariko agatinda guhitamo igikorwa gikwiye mu mukino. Nta kwivuguruza kurimo: ibyo bikorwa bibaza ibibazo bitandukanye. Ikizamini cyo guhitamo cyo muri laboratwari na cyo kigenzura amahitamo aboneka, mu gihe umukino usanzwe cyangwa gutwara ikinyabiziga bitagabanya ibintu ku gipimo kimwe rusange cy’igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora. Woods et al., 2015
Imyaka n’igitsina bikwiye gusobanurwa bite?
Imibare y’amatsinda y’imyaka yavuzwe haruguru yavuye mu itsinda ry’abantu bapimwe rimwe, ntiyavuye ku gukurikirana abantu bamwe mu myaka myinshi. Yerekana uko igikorwa cyari giteye, ariko ntishobora guhanura uko amanota y’umuntu umwe azahinduka uko imyaka ishira. Nta nubwo igaragaza amanota agereranywa ku bantu bakoresha mushakisha y’urubuga hashingiwe ku myaka, cyangwa ko hari umubare uhamye ugomba gukurwaho cyangwa kongerwaho bitewe n’igitsina. Ibyo byasaba gukoresha uburyo bumwe bw’ikizamini n’indangagaciro zigereranywa ziboneye. Woods et al., 2015 Woods et al., 2015
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Amanota areba amakosa kimwe n’umuvuduko
Gukeka igisubizo kugira ngo usubize vuba bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo gusubiza, ariko bikongera amakosa. Bityo, igikorwa cyo guhitamo kigomba gusobanura igisubizo cyemewe, igisubizo cyasizwe cyangwa igisubizo cyatanzwe hakiri kare. Igihe cyo gusubiza kibarwa ku bisubizo byemewe ntigishobora gusobanurwa utarebye niba ukuri kw’ibisubizo na ko kwarahindutse. Ubushakashatsi bwa Woods ku gikorwa cyo guhitamo butanga ibisubizo byinshi bitandukanye aho gufata igihe gusa nk’igisobanuro gihagije cy’imikorere. Woods et al., 2015
Ibisubizo bitinda cyangwa byihuta cyane, n’uko ibigeragezo byasibwe bifatwa, na byo bishobora guhindura incamake y’amanota. Uburyo bwo gufata ibisubizo bidasa n’ibindi ni kimwe mu bigena amanota; imbuga ebyiri zifite amategeko atandukanye zishobora gutanga amanota atandukanye nubwo imyitwarire isa. Ratcliff, 1993
Impamvu ibisubizo byo kuri interineti bitandukanye n’ibyo mu mbonerahamwe
Mugaragaza, ibikoresho byo gutanga ibisubizo na sisitemu ya mushakisha y’urubuga bigira uruhare mu gutinza no guhindagurika kw’igihe. Igereranya ryakozwe mu bushakashatsi ryerekana ko ibipimo by’igihe bya porogaramu bisobanutse cyane bidakuraho ibyo bitandukaniro. Kugereranya igikorwa cyo guhitamo kuri telefoni n’igikorwa cyoroshye gikoresha imbeba bivanga igihe cyo guhitamo igisubizo n’itandukaniro ry’ibikoresho n’uko umuntu akora igikorwa. Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020 Bridges et al., 2020
Kugira ngo ugereranye ibisubizo bisanzwe mu buryo bufite akamaro, koresha ibikoresho bimwe kandi usome amabwiriza ya buri gikorwa. Tegereza ko itandukaniro rishingira ku gikorwa, aho gufata umubare uwo ari wo wose nk’igipimo rusange cy’umuvuduko. Ubushakashatsi ku budahindagurika bw’ibipimo na bwo buratwibutsa ko ingaruka rusange ikomeye ku gikorwa ituma amanota y’itandukaniro y’umuntu ku giti cye aba ikimenyetso gihamye byanze bikunze. Hedge et al., 2017
Kwimenyereza bishobora gutuma guhuza ibimenyetso n’ibikorwa bimenyerewe kurushaho. Ibyo bishobora kuba ukwiga icyo gikorwa koko, ariko ntibigaragaza ko ubushobozi bwo gufata ibyemezo muri rusange bwiyongereye. Igisubizo gifite akamaro mu bumenyi ni imikorere inoze ku buryo bw’ikizamini busobanuwe neza, hagakomeza kwitabwaho amakosa n’imimerere cyakorewemo. Woods et al., 2015 Hick, 1952
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cy’igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora
Tangirira ku kizamini cy’igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora kugira ngo ugerageze igikorwa cyo gusubiza mu buryo bworoshye. Niba ugerageje n’ikizamini gisaba guhitamo, nka Stroop, banza ugereranye amabwiriza yacyo n’ibisabwa kugira ngo igisubizo kibe ukuri, mbere yo kugereranya ibihe. Iri tandukaniro si igipimo cyemewe cy’ubwenge bwawe cyangwa ubushobozi bwawe bwo gufata ibyemezo.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Ni ikihe gikorwa gisa kurushaho n’imikino yo kuri mudasobwa?
Imikino ikenera guhitamo, guteganya no kugira icyo ukora. Igikorwa cyo guhitamo gikorewe mu buryo bugenzurwa gipima uruhande rumwe gusa, ariko nta na kimwe muri ibyo bikorwa gipima imikorere yose mu mikino. Woods et al., 2015
Ese kongera amahitamo kabiri byikuba kabiri igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora?
Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa kera bireba amakuru ari mu mahitamo, ntibishyiraho itegeko rusange rivuga ko igihe cyikuba kabiri. Uko amahitamo ahuzwa n’ibikorwa, amahirwe yayo n’uko igikorwa cyateguwe byose bigira uruhare. Hick, 1952 Hyman, 1953
Ese nshobora gukuramo amanota yanjye kugira ngo mbone igihe cyo gutekereza?
Gukuramo amanota bivanga itandukaniro ry’ibikorwa n’iryo gupima, keretse uburyo bw’ikizamini byaragenzuwe. Ibyo ntibihita bitanga igipimo nyacyo kandi cyonyine cy’igihe cyakoreshejwe mu cyiciro runaka cyo gutekereza. Woods et al., 2015 Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020
Amasoko
- Woods et al. (2015). Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku gihe cyo kugira icyo ukora mu buryo bworoshye.
- Woods et al. (2015). Gutinda gushingiye ku myaka mu guhitamo no gukora igikorwa mu kizamini cyo kugira icyo ukora uhisemo, gishingiye ku mashusho.
- Hick (1952). Uko amakuru agenda yiyongera uko igihe kigenda.
- Hyman (1953). Uko amakuru y’ikimenyetso agena igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora.
- Ratcliff (1993). Uburyo bwo gufata ibisubizo by’igihe cyo kugira icyo ukora bitandukanye cyane n’ibindi.
- Anwyl-Irvine et al. (2020). Ukuri n’ubusobanuro nyabyo bw’ibipimo ku mbuga z’ikizamini zo kuri interineti, mushakisha z’urubuga n’ibikoresho.
- Bridges et al. (2020). Ubushakashatsi bunini ku bipimo by’igihe: kugereranya porogaramu zitandukanye zitanga ibizamini, izo muri laboratwari n’izo kuri interineti.
- Hedge et al. (2017). Ukwivuguruza ku budahindagurika bw’ibipimo: impamvu ibizamini bisanzwe by’ubwenge bidatanga itandukaniro rihamye hagati y’abantu.