Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Igipimo cy’amagambo azwi | Amagambo atazwi mu gika cy’amagambo 300 | Ibisobanuro |
|---|---|---|
| 90% | 30 | Urugero rw’imibare |
| 95% | 15 | Hafi y’ijambo 1 ritazwi kuri 20 |
| 98% | 6 | Hafi y’ijambo 1 ritazwi kuri 50 |
Iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza imibare y’amagambo ari mu nyandiko, si ikizamini cyo gusuzuma uko wasobanukiwe. Ijambo ribarwa buri gihe ribonetse mu gika: iyo ijambo rimwe utazi risubiwemo, ribarwa buri nshuro. Imiryango y’amagambo ni ikindi gipimo gikoreshwa mu kugaragaza ingano y’ubumenyi bw’amagambo. Kwitiranya ibi bipimo bituma icyifuzo kigaragara nk’aho gisobanutse neza, nyamara kikayobya. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Ikigereranyo cy’amagambo 8,000–9,000 gishingiye kuki?
Nation yakoresheje urutonde rw’imiryango y’amagambo rushingiye ku nshuro akoreshwamo, kugira ngo asuzume urugero rw’amagambo asobanukiwe mu Cyongereza kivugwa n’ikandikwa. Umwanzuro we ugira icyo ushingiraho: niba gusobanukirwa udafashijwe bisaba kumenya hafi 98% by’amagambo, ibikoresho byanditse yasuzumye bisaba ubwo bumenyi bw’amagambo bugera kuri uru rwego. Amazina yihariye n’uko amagambo afitanye isano abarwa byari mu isesengura; si utuntu twagombye gukurwa mu ntego rusange yo kwiga. Nation, 2006
Ubundi bushakashatsi ku kubara amagambo bugaragaza ko inkomoko z’amagambo, imiryango yayo n’imiterere yanditse bishobora gutanga imibare itandukanye cyane. Umubare w’imiryango 8,000 ntushobora kugereranywa mu buryo butaziguye n’ikizamini kivuga ko habazwe inkomoko z’amagambo 8,000, kandi si umubare w’amagambo yose ari mu Cyongereza. Brysbaert et al., 2016 Nagy et al., 1984
Ese 98% ni umupaka utangaje wo gusobanukirwa?
Schmitt, Jiang na Grabe basuzumye abantu 661 bo mu bihugu 8 bakoresheje inyandiko 2. Basanze isano iri hagati y’amagambo umuntu asobanukiwe n’uko asobanukirwa inyandiko izamuka buhoro buhoro, nta rwego rumwe rukarishye aho gusobanukirwa guhita kuba kuzuye. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwabo bishyigikira 98% nk’intego ifasha kumenya urugero rw’amagambo yo mu nyandiko z’amasomo asobanukiwe, aho kuba umupaka umuntu agomba kurenga kugira ngo abyumve byose. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Impamvu ibitabo bitandukanye
Inkuru imenyerewe, igitabo cy’amasomo yihariye n’igitabo kivuga amateka yo hambere bifite amagambo atandukanye kandi byitega ko usanzwe ufite ubumenyi butandukanye ku ngingo zivugwamo. Iki kigereranyo cy’amagambo asobanukiwe ntikuraho uruhare rw’ikibonezamvugo, gufata imyanzuro no kumenya ingingo isobanurwa. Ubushakashatsi ku muvuduko wo gusoma na bwo bugaragaza ko gusoma amagambo no kuyasobanukirwa ari ibintu bibiri bitandukanye. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert, 2019
Kumenya ijambo mu gihe uribonye ni byo bifasha gutangirira ku gusoma inyandiko, ariko umunyeshuri ashobora kuba azi igice cy’ibisobanuro byaryo gusa. Ubushakashatsi butandukanya kumenya ijambo uribonye, kuribuka utaribonye no kurikoresha bugaragaza impamvu gushyira akamenyetso ko ijambo umenyereye bidasobanura ko ushobora kugera ku bisobanuro byaryo byose biri mu gika. Laufer et al., 2004 Webb, 2008
Ushobora gutangira gusoma uzi amagambo make?
Yego: iki kigereranyo kivuga urugero rw’amagambo asobanukiwe mu bikoresho byasuzumwe umuntu asoma adafashijwe; ntikiguha cyangwa ngo kikwime uburenganzira bwo gusoma. Ibikoresho byoroheje, ubufasha n’intego zitandukanye zo gusoma bihindura uko ibintu bimeze. Umunyeshuri ukoresha inkoranyamagambo aba akora umurimo utandukanye n’uwo gusoma adafashijwe. Umubare wagombye kugufasha guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusoma, aho kuguca intege ngo utegereze kugeza ikizamini kigeze ku mubare runaka. Nation, 2006
Guhura n’ijambo kenshi bishobora guteza imbere ibice bitandukanye by’ubumenyi bwarwo, ariko ubushakashatsi ku gusubiramo ntibutanga umubare rusange w’inshuro ijambo ryose rigomba kubonekamo kugira ngo umuntu arimenye neza. Kurikirana uko usobanukirwa n’ubufasha ukeneye, aho gutekereza ko umubare uhamye w’amagambo mushya umaze kumenya uguhamiriza ko uzasoma neza. Webb, 2007
Bite ku myaka, igitsina n’izindi ndimi?
Iri ni isesengura ry’urugero rw’amagambo asobanukiwe mu nyandiko z’Icyongereza, si igipimo cy’ubushobozi gishingiye ku myaka cyangwa igitsina. Izindi ndimi zibara imiterere n’imiryango y’amagambo mu buryo butandukanye, kandi inyandiko zo mu byiciro bitandukanye zisaba amagambo atandukanye. Gukoresha uyu mubare mu ndimi zose utabanje kureba ibipimo byakoreshejwe byatuma ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi bigaragara nk’ibirenze ibyo bigaragaza. Nation, 2006 Brysbaert et al., 2016
Ikibazo gifatika cyafasha ni ukureba ingano y’igitabo usobanukirwa ku rugero rw’ubufasha wahisemo. Amanota y’ikizamini cyo kumenya amagambo ashobora kugufasha gusobanukirwa uko uhagaze, ariko isuzuma rigufi ryo kureba niba wasobanukiwe n’inyandiko nyirizina rirafitanye isano rya hafi n’iyo ntego kurusha umubare ntarengwa rusange w’ubumenyi bw’amagambo. SCHMITT et al., 2011 Laufer et al., 2004
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cy’ubumenyi bw’amagambo
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubumenyi bw’amagambo kugira ngo urebe uko umenya amagambo y’Icyongereza, hanyuma urebe igitabo nyirizina n’uko ugisobanukirwa. Amanota ntahamyako uzashobora gusoma no gusobanukirwa inyandiko zose, kandi igipimo cyakoreshejwe mu kubara kigomba kuba kimwe n’icyo kugereranya n’ibindi byatangajwe.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Imiryango y’amagambo 8,000 yaba kimwe n’amagambo 8,000?
Si ko bimeze muri buri buryo bwo kubara. Umuryango uhuza amagambo afitanye isano, mu gihe inkomoko y’ijambo cyangwa imiterere yaryo yanditse ari ibindi bipimo. Brysbaert et al., 2016
Kumenya 98% by’amagambo bisobanura gusobanukirwa 98%?
Oya. Igipimo cy’amagambo asobanukiwe kibara inshuro amagambo azwi abonekamo; gusobanukirwa bisaba kumva inyandiko. Ibyo byombi si kimwe. SCHMITT et al., 2011
Nkwiye gutegereza kugeza nzi ayo magambo yose?
Iri sesengura rivuga urugero rw’amagambo asobanukiwe mu bikoresho byihariye umuntu asoma adafashijwe. Si itegeko ribuza gusoma ufashijwe cyangwa ibitabo byoroshye biri munsi y’urwo rwego. Nation, 2006
Amasoko
- Brysbaert et al. (2016). Tuzi amagambo angahe? Igereranya rifatika ry’ingano y’amagambo umuntu azi, hashingiwe ku busobanuro bw’ijambo, urugero rw’ibyo yumvise cyangwa yasomye mu rurimi, n’imyaka ye.
- Nation (2006). Ni amagambo angahe akenewe kugira ngo umuntu asome kandi yumve?.
- Laufer et al. (2004). Gupima ubumenyi bw’amagambo: umubare wayo, ubukomezi bw’ubumenyi bwayo, n’uko bushobora guhinduka bitewe na mudasobwa.
- Webb (2008). L2: Ingano y’amagambo abiga ururimi rwa kabiri bashobora kumva no gukoresha.
- Webb (2007). Ingaruka zo gusubiramo ku bumenyi bw’amagambo.
- Nagy et al. (1984). Mu Cyongereza cyanditse mu bitabo by’ishuri harimo amagambo angahe?.
- Brysbaert (2019). Dusoma amagambo angahe mu munota? Isuzuma n’isesengura rusange ry’umuvuduko wo gusoma.
- SCHMITT et al. (2011). Ijanisha ry’amagambo umuntu azi mu nyandiko n’uko ayumva asoma.