Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Uburyo bwo gutanga amanota bwakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bumwe | Impuzandengo uhereye ku ya mbere | Impuzandengo usubira inyuma |
|---|---|---|
| Umubare ntarengwa hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe bwo guhagarika | Imibare 6.35 | Imibare 4.61 |
| Umubare ntarengwa mu kizamini cyuzuye kurushaho | Imibare 6.77 | Imibare 5.19 |
| Impuzandengo y’uburebure bw’urukurikirane hakoreshejwe uburyo buhinduka | Imibare 6.52 | Imibare 4.91 |
Imbonerahamwe ya 6 ya Woods na bagenzi be igaragaza iyi mibare. Imibare yatangwaga mu kuyumva, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mudasobwa. Umukino werekana imibare yose icyarimwe ukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyerekana no kuyibuka; bityo iyi mibare si yo igena amanota asanzwe ya Helibrain. No muri ubwo bushakashatsi, guhindura uburyo bwo kubara amanota bihindura uko uburebure bw’urukurikirane busa. Woods et al., 2010
Guhindura uko imibare ikurikirana byongeraho iki?
Kwibuka imibare uhereye ku ya mbere bisaba kuyibika no kugumana uko ikurikirana. Kwibuka uyisubiza inyuma bihindura uko usabwa kuyivuga, kandi bishobora gusaba izindi nzira zo kuyitunganya cyangwa kuyibona mu bwenge. Inyigisho z’ububiko bw’igihe gito n’imikorere y’ubwenge zitandukanya kubika amakuru by’agateganyo n’ibikorwa byo kuyagenzura cyangwa kuyahindura, aho gufata buri kizamini nk’igipima mu buryo butaziguye ubushobozi bumwe gusa. Baddeley, 2012 Conway et al., 2005
Ibi ntibisobanura ko itandukaniro riri hagati yo gusubiza imibare inyuma n’iyo kuyibuka uhereye ku ya mbere ripima gusa urugero rw’imikorere y’ubwenge igenzura ibindi. Inyandiko ku kizamini cyo kwibuka imibare igaragaza impamvu uburyo bwo kubara amanota bugira ingaruka kuri iri gereranya. Ingamba umuntu akoresha, uko akora amakosa n’igihe ikizamini gihagararira byose bigira uruhare mu cyo iryo tandukaniro risobanura. Woods et al., 2010
Kuki umubare wa karindwi atari itegeko kuri bose
Ibisobanuro bya Miller bizwi cyane bivuga ibyerekeye amakuru no kuyashyira mu matsinda, ntibyemeza ko buri muntu yibuka imibare irindwi neza. Isuzuma rya Cowan ryaje nyuma risuzuma umubare muto w’amatsinda y’amakuru mu gihe umuntu adashobora kwitoza kuyasubiramo cyangwa kuyashyira mu matsinda. Ibi bisobanuro bikoresha ibisabwa n’ibipimo bitandukanye; nta na kimwe gitanga impamvu yo gukuramo umubare uhoraho ku mibare umuntu yibuka uhereye ku ya mbere kugira ngo hamenyekane iyo yakwibuka asubira inyuma. Miller, 1956 Cowan, 2001
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Imyaka, amashuri n’uburyo imibare itangwa bigira akamaro
Ubushakashatsi ku mibare isanzwe yibukwa bwasuzumye imyaka n’amashuri umuntu yize, ariko itsinda ry’abantu bakuru ryasuzumwe ntiritanga igipimo gisanzwe cy’imyaka yose ku ndimi n’uburyo bwo gutanga imibare byose. Itandukaniro rishingiye ku myaka ryabonetse muri iryo tsinda ntiryemeza ko ijanisha ryo kuri interineti rihindurwa hakurikijwe imyaka. Imibare yumvwa na yo itangwa ikurikirana, ibyo bikaba bitandukanye no kubona umubare wose icyarimwe. Woods et al., 2010
Ubumenyi umuntu amaze igihe afite bushobora guhindura uko ashyira umurongo w’imibare mu bwenge. Ubushakashatsi ku kuyishyira mu matsinda busobanura uko imiterere yayo ituma urukurikirane rworoha kubika. Ubushakashatsi buzwi ku muntu wakoze imyitozo myinshi bwagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo kwibuka imibare bwiyongereye cyane akoresheje uburyo bwo gufata mu mutwe yari yarize. Ibyo ntibyemeza ko buri bwoko bwose bwo kwibuka bwiyongera ku rugero rungana. Mathy et al., 2012 Ericsson et al., 1980
Itandukaniro riri mu bisubizo by’umuntu risobanurwa rite?
Komeza gukoresha ibisobanuro by’imirimo yombi n’amabwiriza yo gutanga amanota. Kuba umuntu yibuka imibare mike asubira inyuma, ubwabyo, ntibigaragaza ko afite ikibazo cy’ubuzima. Kandi itandukaniro rinini kurusha irisanzwe ku muntu ntirishobora gusobanurwa mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi hatabayeho ibipimo n’indangagaciro zisanzwe ziboneye. Isuzuma ry’uburyo bwo gupima ububiko bw’igihe gito rishimangira ko hakenewe uburyo busobanutse neza mu gihe hafatwa imyanzuro kuri ubwo bubiko. Conway et al., 2005
Nanone ntibikwiye guhindura amanota y’uburebure bw’urukurikirane rw’imibare ngo abe urwego runaka rwa n-back. Isesengura rusange ry’ubushakashatsi rigaragaza ko ibipimo bya n-back n’iby’uburebure bw’urukurikirane atari bimwe, nubwo byombi byitwa ibipimo by’ububiko bw’igihe gito. Uko umuntu akora biterwa n’ibyo ikizamini gisaba mu kumenya amakuru, kuyavugurura no kuyibuka. Redick et al., 2013
Niba ukurikirana iterambere ryawe mu buryo busanzwe, gereranya ibisubizo byo kwibuka uhereye ku ya mbere n’ibindi bisubizo byo muri ubwo buryo, kimwe no gusubiza inyuma. Koresha uburyo bumwe bwo gutanga imibare. Nuhindura uburyo bwo kuyishyira mu matsinda, andika ko wabuhinduye. Amanota meza ashobora guterwa n’uko wabonye uburyo bwiza bwo kwibuka iyo mibare, aho kuba ubushobozi bwo kwibuka muri rusange bwaragutse. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare
Gerageza ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare nk’umukoro wo kwibuka ibyo wabonye. Ibisubizo byacyo bigomba gusobanurwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza yacyo; si uburyo bwo kumva imibare no kuyibuka uyisubiza inyuma buri mu mbonerahamwe. Ntukoreshe itandukaniro ryatangajwe mu bushakashatsi nk’igipimo cyo gusuzuma indwara.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Ese itandukaniro ritegerejwe ni imibare ibiri neza?
Oya. Itandukaniro ry’impuzandengo mu buryo busanzwe bwo kubara amanota bwari imibare 1.74, kandi ubundi buryo bwatanze andi matandukaniro. Iryo si itegeko ku muntu ku giti cye. Woods et al., 2010
Ese umuntu ashobora kwibuka imibare myinshi ayisubiza inyuma?
Ibisubizo by’abantu n’ingamba bakoresha bishobora gutandukana. Impuzandengo y’itsinda ntigaragaza ko buri gihe umuntu agomba kubona amanota yo kwibuka uhereye ku ya mbere aruta ayo gusubiza inyuma. Woods et al., 2010
Ese nshobora guhindura uburebure bw’urukurikirane rw’imibare bukaba urwego rwa n-back?
Oya. Izi nyandiko ntizitanga uburyo bwemejwe bwo kubihindura; ibi bizamini ntibipima ikintu kimwe. Redick et al., 2013
Amasoko
- Woods et al. (2010). Kunoza isuzuma ry’uburebure bw’urukurikirane rw’imibare mu kwibuka amagambo kw’igihe gito.
- Cowan (2001). Umubare w’amatsinda 4 mu bubiko bw’igihe gito: kongera gusuzuma ubushobozi bwo kubika mu bwenge.
- Miller (1956). Umubare w’amatsinda 7, hiyongereyeho cyangwa hakuwemo 2: zimwe mu mbibi z’ubushobozi bwacu bwo gutunganya amakuru.
- Baddeley (2012). Ububiko bw’igihe gito: inyigisho, imiterere n’impaka.
- Conway et al. (2005). Ibizamini byo gupima uburebure bw’ububiko bw’igihe gito: isuzuma ry’uburyo n’imfashanyigisho ku babikoresha.
- Redick et al. (2013). Ibipimo by’ububiko bw’igihe gito bisaba imirimo myinshi n’ibya n-back: isesengura rusange.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Kwiga ubuhanga bwo kwibuka.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Ni iki gituma imibare yitwa iya ‘magic’ iba iyihariye? Gushyira amakuru mu matsinda no kuyagabanya mu bubiko bw’igihe gito.