Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Urugero | Icyahindutse | Icyo bitagaragaza |
|---|---|---|
| Gushyira imibare 12 mu matsinda 4 ya 3 | Imibare itekerezwaho nk’amatsinda | Ko buri wese ashobora kwibuka urwo ruhererekane |
| Kumenya icyitegererezo usanzwe uzi | Ubumenyi busanzwe bushobora kugabanya imbaraga zo gufata mu mutwe | Ko buri kimenyetso gifata umwanya ukwacyo |
| Urugero rw’imibare 7 igera kuri 79 nyuma y’imyitozo | Kwibuka imibare byatojwe cyane | Ko ubushobozi rusange bwo gukoresha ubwenge icyarimwe ari ibintu 79 |
Umurongo wa mbere ni urugero rwo gushyira mu matsinda, si igipimo cy’ubushobozi bwapimwe. Urugero rwa gatatu ni urw’imyitozo ikomeye rwakorewe umuntu umwe. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi, uwitabiriye yakoresheje ubumenyi yari afite ku bihe byo kwiruka n’uburyo bwo gutunganya ibyo yibuka. Iyo nyandiko ivuga kandi ko ubwo bushobozi butimuriwe ku bundi bwoko bw’amakuru igihe ibikoresho byahindurwaga bikaba inyuguti ndagihekana; ibyo ni ingenzi mu gusobanura igisubizo gitangaje cy’imibare. Ericsson et al., 1980
Itsinda ni iki?
Itsinda ni amakuru afashwe mu mutwe nk’igice kimwe, ariko ntibisaba ko riba rigizwe n’umubare uhoraho w’inyuguti zigaragara. Akamaro karyo gaterwa n’ibyo umuntu wiga asanzwe azi n’uko urutonde ruteguye. Ibisobanuro bya Miller ku kongera gutunganya amakuru n’ubushakashatsi bwa Mathy na Feldman ku kuyegeranya bigaragaza impamvu kubara ibintu gusa bishobora kuyobya iyo imiterere yabyo itandukanye. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Igitekerezo cya Cowan kivuga ubushobozi buto gisuzuma ibihe bigabanya gusubiramo amakuru no gukoresha ubumenyi bw’igihe kirekire. Umuntu ushyira imibare mu matsinda afite icyo asobanuye mu mukino usanzwe w’imibare si ngombwa ko aba ari mu bihe nk’ibyo. Ibisubizo byombi ntibigomba kuvuguruzanya kuko ibice bibarwa n’uburyo bwemewe bitandukanye. Cowan, 2001
Gushyira mu matsinda ni kimwe no gusubiramo?
Gusubiramo bituma amakuru akomeza kuba mu bwenge; kuyashyira mu matsinda bihindura uburyo agaragazwa cyangwa atunganywamo. Ibyo byombi bishobora gufatanya, ariko si igikorwa kimwe. Inyigisho ku bwenge bukoresha amakuru mu gihe gito zitandukanya kuyafata by’agateganyo n’izindi nzira zo kuyagenzura, ndetse n’uruhare rw’ubumenyi bw’igihe kirekire. Baddeley, 2012
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Wakitega ko uzatera imbere ku rugero rungana iki?
Igisubizo cya 7 kigera kuri 79 ni urugero rumwe rw’imyitozo idasanzwe kandi ikomeye, si impuzandengo y’ingaruka z’imyitozo cyangwa gahunda yagenewe buri wese. Kigaragaza ko uburyo bwo gutunganya amakuru umuntu yize bushobora guhindura cyane amanota y’igikorwa, ariko ntigitanga ishingiro rikomeye ryo guhanura ubushobozi umuntu runaka azageraho. Kuba ubwo bushobozi butaragiye no mu bindi bikorwa ni ingenzi kimwe n’iyo mibare y’ikirenga. Ericsson et al., 1980
Amanota yatangajwe ku bushobozi bwo kwibuka imibare na yo aterwa n’itegeko ryo guhagarika ikizamini. Mu bushakashatsi bunini bwakoresheje amajwi, umubare ntarengwa umuntu yagezeho n’ubushobozi busanzwe bwapimwe byatanze impuzandengo zitandukanye ku bantu bamwe. Bityo, ugereranya uburyo rigomba kugumana uburyo bwo kwerekana no gutanga amanota budahindutse, aho kuvangavanga intsinzi ndende yabaye rimwe n’igipimo fatizo cyapimwe mu bundi buryo. Woods et al., 2010
Ni iki wakwagerageza?
Niba ushaka kugereranya mu buryo busanzwe, hitamo niba uzashyira imibare mu matsinda, ukoreshe uburyo bumwe mu bigeragezo bisa, kandi wandike impinduka niba uhisemo ubundi buryo. Ubushakashatsi ku kugabanya amakuru bushyigikira uruhare rw’imiterere; ntibwemeza ko hari umubare w’amatsinda ukwiye buri wese cyangwa ngo bwemeze ko uburyo runaka bwo gufata mu mutwe buzafasha buri ruhererekane. Mathy et al., 2012
Koresha amakuru utamenyereye kugira ngo urebe niba uburyo bukora no ku bindi, atari urugero wari warafashe mu mutwe. Ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gupima ubushobozi bwo kwibuka bushimangira ko uburyo bugomba guhura n’ikintu gupimwa. Ubuhanga umuntu yize bufite akamaro, ariko bugomba gusobanurwa nk’ubwo buhanga aho kwitwa izamuka rusange ry’ubushobozi. Conway et al., 2005
Hanyuma, nta buryo bwemejwe bwo guhindura amanota yo kwibuka imibare yashyizwe mu matsinda ngo abe urwego rwa n-back cyangwa amanota ya IQ. Isesengura rusange ryagereranyije ibizamini byo kwibuka ibintu n’ibya n-back rigaragaza ko n’ibizamini byombi bifitanye isano n’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubwenge mu gihe gito bidashobora gusimburana. Redick et al., 2013
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare
Gerageza ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare, wandike uko wayishyize mu matsinda. Nugerageza kugereranya uburyo, koresha uburyo bumwe bwo kwerekana no gutanga amanota. Amanota menshi agaragaza ko wayibutse neza muri ibyo bihe; ntiyemeza ko ubwenge rusange bwiyongereye.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Gushyira mu matsinda byongera umubare w’ibice byo kwibuka?
Bishobora guhindura amakuru afatwa nk’igice kimwe. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’ubushakashatsi ntibisaba ko umubare uhoraho w’ibice rusange na wo wiyongera. Cowan, 2001 Mathy et al., 2012
Nanjye nzagera ku mibare 79?
Igisubizo cya mbere cyabonetse ku muntu umwe wari waratojwe cyane; si igisubizo gisanzwe cyangwa isezerano. Ericsson et al., 1980
Kuki imibare tumenyereye isa n’iyoroshye?
Ubumenyi umuntu asanzwe afite bushobora kumufasha kongera gutunganya urutonde no kurwibuka. Ibyo ni bimwe mu byo ubushakashatsi ku gushyira mu matsinda busuzuma. Miller, 1956 Mathy et al., 2012
Amasoko
- Woods et al. (2010). Kunonosora isuzuma ry’ubushobozi bwo kwibuka imibare mu gihe gito.
- Cowan (2001). Umubare w’amayobera 4 mu kwibuka kw’igihe gito: gusubiramo ubushobozi bwo kubika mu bwenge.
- Miller (1956). Umubare w’amayobera 7, wongereho cyangwa ukureho 2: zimwe mu mbibi z’ubushobozi bwacu bwo gutunganya amakuru..
- Baddeley (2012). Kwibuka gukoresha ubwenge mu gihe gito: inyigisho, imiterere n’impaka.
- Conway et al. (2005). Ibizamini byo gupima ubushobozi bwo kwibuka mu gihe gito: isubiramo ry’uburyo n’imfashanyigisho y’ababikoresha.
- Redick et al. (2013). Ibipimo bya complex span na n-back by’ubushobozi bwo kwibuka mu gihe gito: isesengura rusange.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Kugira ubuhanga bwo kwibuka.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Ni iki gituma imibare y’amayobera iba iy’amayobera? Gushyira amakuru mu matsinda no kuyegeranya mu kwibuka kw’igihe gito.