Ibimenyetso bifatika n’imibare by’ingenzi
| Ikiranga | Ubushakashatsi bwo kwibuka imibare yumviswe | Umukino ubonesha umubare wose |
|---|---|---|
| Ibyerekanwa | Imibare ivugwa igatangwa ikurikirana | Imibare igaragara kuri ecran |
| Uburyo bwo kuyishyira mu matsinda | Biterwa n’igihe imibare ivugirwa n’ingamba umuntu akoresha | Hashobora kubamo kuyishyira mu matsinda agaragara mu myanya |
| Ibisobanuro by’amanota | Bishingira ku mategeko y’ubwo bushakashatsi yo kwibuka no guhagarika | Bishingira ku mategeko y’umukino ubwayo |
| Guhindura amanota mu buryo butaziguye | Ntibizwi | Ntibizwi |
Ubushakashatsi ku mibare yumviswe bwakorewe ku bantu 763 bakuze bo mu baturage, bafite imyaka 18–65. Impuzandengo yabo isanzwe yo gusubiramo imibare mu murongo yari 6.35, ariko impuzandengo y’umubare ntarengwa bagezeho mu kizamini cyagutse yari 6.77. Iri tandukaniro ryo muri ubwo bushakashatsi ryonyine rigaragaza impamvu impuzandengo yatangajwe igomba gusobanurwa hakurikijwe uburyo amanota yabazwe. Woods et al., 2010
Impamvu guhindura uburyo amakuru atangwa bihindura umurimo
Inyigisho ku bwenge bukora zitandukanya uburyo amakuru abikwa n’uburyo agenzurwa, harimo ibice bijyanye n’amagambo n’ibijyanye n’amashusho n’ahantu. Imibare yanditse ishobora no guhindurwamo amagambo mu bwenge, bityo itandukaniro si iryoroheje nko kuvuga ko kimwe ari ukwibuka amashusho gusa ikindi kikaba ukwibuka amajwi gusa. Uburyo amakuru atangwa n’uko umuntu ayakoresha byombi bigira uruhare. Baddeley, 2012
Kubona imibare yose ikurikirana icyarimwe bishobora gutuma imiterere yayo igaragara, umuntu akayishyira mu matsinda. Ubushakashatsi ku gushyira ibintu mu matsinda busuzuma uko imiterere isubiramo ifasha kugabanya urukurikirane; inyungu ivamo ijyanye n’imiterere yabitswe mu bwenge, si umubare w’ibimenyetso byonyine. Itariki cyangwa imiterere imenyerewe mu maso ishobora gukorwaho mu buryo butandukanye n’imibare idafitanye isano. Mathy et al., 2012 Miller, 1956
Ese amanota yo kubona imibare ari hejuru agaragaza kwibuka gukomeye kurushaho?
Bigaragaza gusa uko umuntu yakoze ku murimo no mu miterere byapimwe. Kugereranya binahindura igihe cyo kureba imibare, amahirwe yo kuyisubiramo mu bwenge, uburyo bwo gusubiza n’amategeko yo guhagarika. Ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gupima ubushobozi bwo kwibuka mu murongo bushimangira ko ibyo bisobanuro bihindura igipimo. Amanota meza mu buryo bumwe ntahita aba amanota meza kuri buri murimo ukoresha ubwenge bukora. Conway et al., 2005
Ni iki kibigiraho ingaruka?
Impamvu ubushobozi bwo kwibuka bwatangajwe bushobora kugaragara nk’aho budahuye
Igitekerezo cya Cowan cy’ubushobozi bufite imipaka kireba uduce tw’amakuru umuntu afata nk’igice kimwe, mu miterere igamije kugabanya gusubiramo no kwifashisha ibyo umuntu asanzwe azi igihe kirekire. Kwibuka imibare bisanzwe bishobora kungukirwa n’izo nzira ubwazo. Kugereranya igereranya ry’uduce tw’amakuru n’umubare usanzwe w’imibare bivanga ibipimo bitandukanye n’imiterere y’ubushakashatsi. Cowan, 2001
Imyitozo ikomeye yo gukoresha uburyo bwihariye bwo kwibuka itanga urugero rugaragara: umuntu wari waritoje yize kwibuka imirongo miremire cyane y’imibare akoresheje ubumenyi buteguye, ariko ubwo bushobozi ntibwimukira ku rwego rumwe ku bindi bintu bidafitanye isano. Ibyo bigaragaza ubuhanga yungutse, si uko ububiko bwose bw’igihe gito bwariyongereye bukagera ku mubare w’imibare yerekanwe. Ericsson et al., 1980
Bite ku bipimo bisanzwe bijyanye n’imyaka n’igitsina?
Ibipimo bisanzwe bigomba guhura n’uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru, igihe, ururimi, uko ibisubizo bikurikirana n’uburyo amanota abarwa. Ubushakashatsi ku bantu bakuru bumvise imibare ntibutanga uburyo bwo guhindura amanota y’umukino wo kuri internet werekana imibare, ngo hakosorwe imyaka cyangwa igitsina. Gukoresha impuzandengo yabwo kuri buri mukino wo kuri internet byahindura amakuru y’ubushakashatsi afasha akagereranya abantu ku giti cyabo mu buryo buyobya. Woods et al., 2010 Conway et al., 2005
Icyitonderwa nk’iki kireba n’indi mirimo yo kwibuka: isesengura rusange ry’ubushakashatsi rigaragaza ko ibipimo byo kwibuka mu murongo n’ibya n-back bihurira ku bice bike gusa, kandi ko bidashobora gusimburana. Bityo, amanota yo hejuru yo kwibuka imibare wabonye si amanota azwi ya n-back cyangwa igereranya rya IQ. Redick et al., 2013
Niba ushaka kwikurikiranira uko uhagaze, jya ufata buri buryo ukwabwo, ukoreshe igihe kimwe cyo kwerekana imibare n’amategeko amwe yo gusubiza, kandi wandike niba uyisubiramo mu bwenge cyangwa uyishyira mu matsinda. Ibyo bituma kugereranya ibisubizo byawe birushaho gusobanuka, ariko ntibitanga ibipimo bisanzwe bihagarariye abantu bose cyangwa igenzura ryemewe mu buvuzi. Woods et al., 2010 Mathy et al., 2012
Gerageza ikizamini cy’ubuntu kijyanye n’iki
Ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare
Kora ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare ubona, maze uvuge ko amanota ari ay’uwo murimo. Niba ukoresha n’ikizamini cyo kwibuka imibare wumvise, andika amanota yacyo ukwabyo. Irinde kugereranya umubare muremure wagezeho mu buryo bumwe n’impuzandengo cyangwa amanota yabazwe hakurikijwe itegeko ryo guhagarika mu bundi buryo.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Ese amanota yo kumva no kubona imibare agomba kuba amwe?
Izi nyandiko ntizemeza ko agomba kuba amwe. Uburyo bwo kwerekana imibare, ingamba n’uko amanota abarwa bishobora gutandukana. Woods et al., 2010 Baddeley, 2012
Ese imibare umuntu abona ishobora gukoresha ukwibuka amagambo?
Yego. Abantu bashobora guhindura mu magambo ibyo basomye; uburyo amakuru yerekanwamo ntibwemeza ko hakoresha uburyo bumwe gusa bwo kwibuka. Baddeley, 2012
Ese hari uburyo bumwe bwaba ikizamini cya IQ cyiza kurushaho?
Ibyo byasaba ko hakoreshwa igenzura ryemewe rikwiye. Kuba umuntu yabonye amanota meza mu buryo runaka ntibihamya ko afite ubushobozi bwo gutekereza muri rusange buruta ubw’abandi. Conway et al., 2005
Amasoko
- Woods et al. (2010). Guteza imbere isuzuma ryo kwibuka imibare mu gihe gito.
- Cowan (2001). Umubare w’amayobera 4 mu kwibuka kw’igihe gito: kongera gusuzuma ubushobozi bwo kubika mu bwenge.
- Miller (1956). Umubare w’amayobera 7, hongerwaho cyangwa hakurwaho 2: imipaka imwe y’ubushobozi bwacu bwo gutunganya amakuru.
- Baddeley (2012). Kwibuka kukora: inyigisho, icyitegererezo n’impaka.
- Conway et al. (2005). Ibipimo byo kwibuka mu murongo: isuzuma ry’uburyo bikoreshwa n’imfashanyigisho.
- Redick et al. (2013). Ibipimo byo kwibuka ibintu bikurikirana n’ibya n-back: isesengura rusange ry’ubushakashatsi.
- Ericsson et al. (1980). Kugira ubumenyi bwo kwibuka.
- Mathy et al. (2012). Ni iki gituma imibare y’amayobera iba iy’amayobera? Gushyira amakuru mu matsinda no kuyagabanya mu kwibuka kw’igihe gito.