Umboni wofunika ndi manambala
| Mfundo ya nthawi | Tanthauzo | Malire ake |
|---|---|---|
| Chandamale choyamba | Chinthu chimene munthu ayenera kusankha kapena kutchula | Malangizo a ntchito ndi amene amakhazikitsa ntchito yake |
| Chandamale chachiwiri patatha pafupifupi 200–500 ms | Nthawi zambiri zimavuta kuchitchula | Nthawi yoyerekezera yochokera m’mayesero |
| Chandamale chotsatira nthawi yomweyo | M’makonzedwe ena, chingakhudzidwe pang’ono chabe | Nthawi yake si nthawi yokhazikika imene zonse zimazima |
Kafukufuku woyambirira wa Raymond ndi anzake komanso ndemanga zimene zinatsatira zimafufuza njira yosonyeza zinthu motsatizana mofulumira (rapid serial visual presentation): zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimawonekera mofulumira, ndipo zina mwa izo zimakhala zolinga pakati pa zinthu zosokoneza. Nthawi yoyerekezera imadalira ndondomeko ya zinthu komanso zimene ophunzira ayenera kuchita. Si nthawi yokhazikika imene imayesedwa ndi masewera onse a chidwi. Raymond et al., 1992 Dux et al., 2009
Kodi chinthu chachiwiri sichioneka n’komwe?
Zotsatira za khalidwe zimasonyeza kuchepa kwa kunena chandamale chachiwiri pakakhala mikhalidwe ina yake. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana amasiyana pa mmene kusankha, kuzindikira zinthu, kusunga zinthu m’chikumbukiro chogwira ntchito, ndi zopinga zina zimakhudzira zimenezi. Ndemangazi zikufufuza umboni umenewu; sizitenga nthawi iliyonse imene munthu walephera kunena zimene waona ngati umboni wa kulephera kumodzi koyambirira kwa mphamvu za maso. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
N’chifukwa chake kulondola kwa mayankho, nthawi imene chandamale chawonekera komanso kufunika kodziwa chandamale choyamba n’zofunika. Kusintha malangizo kapena zinthu zosonyezedwa kungasinthe zotsatira zake. Tiyenera kudziwa mmene ntchito inayake yakonzedwera tisanatanthauzire nthawi ya mamilisekondi. Raymond et al., 1992 Martens et al., 2009
Kodi chikumbukiro chogwira ntchito chimakhudzidwa bwanji ndi kufotokozeraku?
Kusankha ndi kusunga chandamale choyamba kungapikisane ndi kukonza zinthu zimene zatsatira. Malingaliro okhudza chikumbukiro chogwira ntchito amasiyanitsa ntchito yosunga zinthu ndi ntchito yoyendetsa maganizo; ndemanga ya Cowan imafotokoza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene munthu angasunge pamikhalidwe inayake. Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kufotokoza zimene zingachitike, koma sizikutanthauza kuti kusokonekera kumeneku kumayeza mwachindunji mphamvu yonse ya chikumbukiro cha munthu. Baddeley, 2012 Cowan, 2001
Kodi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiyani?
Kodi n’chimodzimodzi ndi kusowa chidwi kwa nthawi yochepa?
Ayi. Kuvutika kunena zolinga zimene zawonekera moyandikana mkati mwa mphindi imodzi n’kosiyana ndi kupitiriza kuchita bwino kwa mphindi zingapo. Kafukufuku wa chidwi chokhalitsa amafufuza kusinthasintha ndi zolakwa pa nthawi inayake, pamene mayeso a kusokonekera kwakanthawi kwa chidwi amasintha mpata wa nthawi pakati pa zochitika. Kungoti zonse zimatchedwa chidwi sikutanthauza kuti miyeso yake ingasinthanitsidwe. Esterman et al., 2013 Dux et al., 2009
Kusanthula kwa kafukufuku wambiri pa kusagona kumasiyanitsanso mbali zosiyanasiyana za kuganiza ndi zotsatira zake. Kulakwitsa pa ntchito yofuna chidwi chokhalitsa sikungonena kuti kumachitika chifukwa cha nthawi ya 200–500 ms; ndipo kulephera kuona chandamale chimodzi chofulumira sikutsimikizira kuti munthuyo sanagone mokwanira kapena ali ndi vuto linalake. Lim et al., 2010
Kodi zaka ndi kugonana zingasonyeze muyezo wa munthu aliyense?
Ndemanga zomwe zatchulidwa zikufotokoza zotsatira za mayeso ndi kusiyana kwa makonzedwe ake, osati tchati cha magiredi a pa intaneti cha zaka ndi kugonana chimene chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa aliyense. Kupatsa munthu zaka za chidwi potengera zolinga zochepa zimene sanathe kunena kungafune umboni wotsimikizira mayesowo, umene mabukuwa sapereka. Martens et al., 2009 Dux et al., 2009
Kudalirika kwa muyezo ndi funso linanso. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wotchedwa reliability paradox zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zamphamvu za anthu ambiri pa ntchito ya kuganiza sizitsimikizira kuti muyezo wa kusiyana kwa munthu aliyense udzakhala wokhazikika. Chionetsero chachifupi sichikhala chokha mayeso ozindikira matenda kapena kuyeza khalidwe lokhazikika. Hedge et al., 2017
Kodi mungachite chiyani ndi zotsatirazi m’njira yomveka?
Gwiritsani ntchito mfundozi kuti mumvetse chifukwa chimene munthu angaphonye zinthu zimene zabwera moyandikana ngakhale akuyesetsa kutchera khutu. Umboniwu sutsimikizira lamulo limodzi la nthawi yodikirira pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndondomeko yotsimikizika yophunzitsira, kapena mfundo yakuti kuchita masewera a chidwi kumapangitsa anthu onse kukhala anzeru kwambiri. Zimenezi zingafune umboni wapadera wosonyeza kuti luso limasamukira ku ntchito zina. Dux et al., 2009 Martens et al., 2009
Poyerekezera ntchito mwachisawawa, sungani liwiro la ndondomeko, zolinga ndi zimene munthu akuyenera kunena kukhala zofanana, ndipo yang’anani kulondola m’malo mopanga muyezo umodzi wobwezeretsa chidwi. Masewera a chidwi amtundu wina ayenera kufotokozedwa ngati ntchito yosiyana. Raymond et al., 1992 Hedge et al., 2017
Yesani mayeso aulere okhudzana ndi zimenezi
Mayeso a nthawi yosunga chidwi
Yesani mayeso a nthawi yosunga chidwi kuti mufufuze mmene munthu amapitirizira kuyankha ndi zolakwa zake. Mayesowa si a kafukufuku wa chandamale chofulumira chotsatizana poyesa kusokonekera kwakanthawi kwa chidwi, choncho zotsatira zake sizingayerekezere nthawi yanu ya 200–500 ms. Kafukufukuyu amafotokoza mbali yofanana ya chidwi, koma amagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wina.
Mafunso ofala
Kodi zimayamba chifukwa cha kuphethira maso?
Dzinali limatchula zotsatira za mmene munthu amachitira akamanena zolinga zooneka mofulumira, osati kuphethira maso kwenikweni kumene kuyenera kuchitika. Dux et al., 2009
Kodi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense amatha kutchera khutu kwa 500 ms yokha?
Ayi. Nthawi yoyerekezera imeneyi imakhudza nthawi imene zolinga ziwiri zimawonekera m’mayesero enaake, osati kutalika kwa nthawi imene munthu angathe kuika maganizo pa chinthu. Martens et al., 2009
Kodi masewera wamba a chidwi angayeze zimenezi?
Ntchito yoyenera yokhala ndi nthawi yoyenera ya zolinga ndi zofunika za mayankho ndiyo ingayese zotsatirazi. Zotsatira za mayeso a chidwi chokhalitsa ndi muyezo wina. Raymond et al., 1992 Esterman et al., 2013
Magwero
- Dux et al. (2009). Kusokonekera kwakanthawi kwa chidwi: Ndemanga ya umboni ndi malingaliro.
- Martens et al. (2009). Kusokonekera kwakanthawi kwa chidwi: Zakale, zamakono ndi zam’tsogolo za malo osawoneka m’kuzindikira.
- Raymond et al. (1992). Kuponderezedwa kwakanthawi kwa kukonza zinthu zooneka pa ntchito ya RSVP: Kusokonekera kwakanthawi kwa chidwi?.
- Baddeley (2012). Chikumbukiro chogwira ntchito: Malingaliro, zitsanzo ndi mikangano.
- Cowan (2001). Nambala yamatsenga 4 m’chikumbukiro cha nthawi yochepa: Kuganiziranso mphamvu yosungira zinthu m’maganizo.
- Esterman et al. (2013). Kukhala ndi chidwi kapena kutaya maganizo? Kutsatira kusinthasintha kwa khalidwe ndi ubongo pa nthawi ya chidwi chokhalitsa.
- Lim et al. (2010). Kusanthula kwa kafukufuku wambiri pa mmene kusagona kwa nthawi yochepa kumakhudzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kuganiza.
- Hedge et al. (2017). Chodabwitsa cha kudalirika: Chifukwa chimene ntchito zolimba za kuganiza sizipereka miyezo yodalirika ya kusiyana kwa munthu aliyense.